Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and substance use-related data.
| Controls (n = 38) | Cocaine users (n = 47) | Test statistic | df | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Sex (m/f) (n) | 24/14 | 31/16 | χ2 = 0.1g | 1 | 0.788 |
| Age | 29.5 (7.1) | 31.8 (7.7) | t = −1.4h | 83 | 0.153 |
| BMI | 23.1 (3.2) | 24.9 (3.8) | t = −2.3h | 83 | 0.021 |
| Verbal IQ | 103 (9.2) | 95.5 (6.1) | t = 4.1i | 61.37 | <0.001 |
| Years of school education | 10.5 (1.5) | 9.6 (1.0) | t = 3.4i | 62.61 | 0.001 |
| Clinical | |||||
| ADHD-SR sum score | 10.1 (9.6) | 14.7 (10.3) | t = −2.1h | 83 | 0.036 |
| ADHD, y/na | 5/33 | 12/35 | χ2 = 2.0g | 1 | 0.156 |
| BDI sum scoreb | 1.0 (0.0–22.0) | 7.0 (0.0–31.0) | U = 498j | <0.001 | |
| Treatment or counseling (n) | |||||
| Cocaine use | 15 | ||||
| Other | 7 | ||||
| Nicotine | |||||
| Smoker/non-smoker (n)c | 29/9 | 37/10 | χ2 = 0.1g | 1 | 0.791 |
| Cigarettes/weekc,d,e | 70.0 (7.0–158) | 90.0 (33.3–280) | U = 339j | 0.010 | |
| Years of used | 12.2 (6.4) | 15.6 (7.3) | t = −2.0h | 64 | 0.053 |
| Alcohol | |||||
| Times/weekc,e | 2.1 (0.0–8.5) | 2.0 (0.0–11.0) | U = 889j | 0.972 | |
| Grams/weekc,e | 45.8 (0.4–248) | 100 (0.0–672) | U = 646j | 0.029 | |
| Years of use | 14.4 (6.9) | 16.6 (7.3) | t = −1.4h | 83 | 0.155 |
| Abstinence (days)c | 4.0 (1.0–137) | 5.00 (0.0–248) | U = 889j | 0.972 | |
| Cannabis | |||||
| Lifetime experience, y/n | 31/7 | 43/4 | χ2 = 1.8g | 1 | 0.176 |
| Times/weekc,e | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.1 (0.0–6.0) | U = 657j | 0.028 | |
| Grams/weekc,e | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.0 (0.0–12.6) | U = 663j | 0.032 | |
| Years of use | 6.2 (6.0) | 11.5 (9.7) | t = −3.1i | 78.27 | 0.003 |
| Abstinence (days)c | 163 (2.0–8807) | 51.0 (1.0–10,753) | U = 565j | 0.266 | |
| Cumulative lifetime dose (grams)c | 3.5 (0.0–1972) | 426.3 (0.0–25,719) | U = 472j | <0.001 | |
| THC, pg/mg in hairc | 0.1 (0.0–320) | 2.0 (0.0–540) | U = 687j | 0.057 | |
| CBN, pg/mg in hairc | 0.0 (0.0–47.0) | 0.0 (0.0–170) | U = 621j | 0.003 | |
| CBD, pg/mg in hairc | 0.0 (0.0–26.0) | 0.6 (0.0–75.0) | U = 636j | 0.018 | |
| Urine toxicology (neg/pos) | 36/2 | 41/6 | χ2 = 1.8g | 0.239 | |
| Cocaine | |||||
| Lifetime experience, y/n | 5/33 | 47/0 | |||
| Times/weeke | 2.4 (2.2) | ||||
| Grams/weeke | 4.0 (6.7) | ||||
| Route of administration (n) | |||||
| Intranasal | 44 | ||||
| Intravenous | 1 | ||||
| Smoking | 2 | ||||
| Years of use | 12.1 (7.4) | ||||
| Abstinence (days) | 26.3 (46.3) | ||||
| Cumulative lifetime dose (grams) | 1750 (2145) | ||||
| Cocainetotal, pg/mg in hairf | 24,703 (59,913) | ||||
| Cocaine, pg/mg in hair | 18,438 (44,527) | ||||
| Benzoylecgonine, pg/mg in hair | 5799 (15,046) | ||||
| Norcocaine, pg/mg in hair | 467 (882) | ||||
| Cocaethylene, pg/mg in hair | 512 (861) | ||||
| Urine toxicology (neg/pos) | 38/0 | 26/21 | χ2 = 22.5g | 1 | <0.001 |
| Cocaine dependency current, y/n | 0/38 | 31/16 | χ2 = 39.5g | <0.001 | |
| Cocaine dependency past, y/n | 0/38 | 33/14 | χ2 = 43.6g | <0.001 | |
Significant p values are shown in bold. Counts or means and standard deviation of means in parenthesis.
ADHD-SR ADHD self-rating scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory.
aAccording to DSM-IV criteria as assessed by ADHD-SR.
bMedian (range) is reported.
cIndividuals were considered smokers if they smoked ≥7 cigarettes/week [75, 76].
dOnly for smokers.
eAverage use during the current consumption period.
fCocainetotal (= cocaine + benzoylecgonine + norcocaine) as a more robust parameter [56].
gχ2 test for frequency data.
hIndependent t test.
iWelch’s t test.
jMann–Whitney U-test.