Table 4.

Gut microbes containing the indicated plant cell wall degrading enzymes.

Microbial enzymes	Microorganism
α-L-arabinofuranosidases	Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (37), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 (38), Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 (39), Anoxybacillus kestanbolensis AC26Sari (40), Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), and Roseburia faecis M72/1 (42)
endo-α-1,5-L-arabinanases	Paenibacillus polymyxa (43), Bacillus licheniformis (44), Caldicellulorsiruptor saccharolyticus (45), Bacillus. Subtilis (36), Bacillus. Thermodenitrificans (46), Pseudomonas fluorecens subsp. cellulosa (47), Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), and Roseburia faecis M72/1(42)
endo-1,4-β-mannanase	Bacillus subtilis YH12 (49), Bacillus subtilis TD7 (50), Bacillus subtilis Bs5 (51), Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 (52), Sphingomonas sp. JB13 (53), Sphingobacterium sp. GN25 (54), Klebsiella oxytoca KUB-CW2-3 (55), Enterobacter sp. strain N18 (56), Flavobacterium sp. (57), Pseudomonas cellulosa (47), Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), and Bacteroides ovatus (58)
β-mannosidase	Bifidobacterium sp. (59), Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum NCC2705 (60), Bacteroides ovatus (61, 62), Cellvibrio mixtus (63), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (64), Pseudomonas cellulose (47), Kitasatospora sp. (65)
α-Galactosidases	Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (66), Lactobacillus crispatus ST1 (67), Lactobacillus brevis (68), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 (66), Arthrobacter sp. C2-2 (69), Bacillus megaterium (70), Dictyoglomus thermophilum (71), Bacillus stearothermophilus NCIM-5146 (72), Bacillus stearothermophilus NUB 3621 (73), Bacteroides ovatus 0038-1 (74), ?ifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB41171 (75), ?ifidobacterium adolescentis DSM20083 (76), ?ifidobacterium breve 203 (77), Clostridium stercorarium (78), and Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41)
Pectate disaccharide-lyase	Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (81), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (82), Bacteroides ovatus (83), Bacillus pumilus BK2 (84), Eubacterium eligens, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (85), and Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41)
pectate lyase	in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (81), genus Bacillus: Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. cereus, B. circulans, B. pasteurii, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. pumilus (86, 87), Paenibacillus sp. (88), Clostridium cellulovorans (89), Streptomyces thermocarboxydus (90), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (82), Bacteroides ovatus (83), Eubacterium eligens, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (85), and Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41)
endo-polygalacturonase	Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (81), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (82), Bacteroides ovatus (83), Eubacterium eligens, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (85), Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (91)
rhamnogalacturonan lyase and hydrolase	Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (81), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (82), Bacteroides ovatus (83), Bacillus subtilis (92), Bacillus licheniformis (93), Cellvibrio japonicus (94), Clostridium cellulolyticum (95), Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 (93), Pseudomonas cellulose (94), Penicillium chrysogenum (96), and Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41)
exo-β-1,3-galactanase	Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (91), Clostridium thermocellum (97), Phanerochaete chrysosporium (98), Sphingomonas sp. (99), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (100), Bacteroides ovatus (100), Bacteroides caccae (101), and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (101)
endo-β-1,6-galactanase	Streptomyces avermitilis NBRC14893 (102), Bacteroides ovatus (100), Bacteroides caccae (101), Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (101), and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (91)
exo-β-1,6-galactobiohydrolase	Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (101), Streptomyces avermitilis (102), Bacteroides ovatus (100), Bacteroides caccae (101), Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (101), and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (91)
endo-β-1,4-xylanase	Pseudomonas boreopolis G22 (103), Bacteroides ovatus (82), Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (100), Bacteroides caccae (101), Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (101), Clostridium thermocellum (104), Bacillus subtilis (105), and Streptomyces turgidiscabies (106)
exo-β-1,4 xylanase	Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), Luteimicrobium xylanilyticum (107), Amycolatopsis mediterranei (107), Clostridium thermocellum (104), Bacillus subtilis (105), and Streptomyces turgidiscabies (106)
endo and exo-β-1,4-glucanase	Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis (108), Roseburia sp. (42), Eubacterium rectale group (42), Ruminococcus champanellensis (109), Ruminococcus bromii (110), Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum (111), and Phaeoacremonium minimum (112)
α-D-xylosidase	Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 (39), Talaromyces thermophilus (113), Cellvibrio japonicus (114), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (82), Bacteroides ovatus (82), and Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41)
β-glucosidase	Bifidobacterium adolescentis (115), Bacteroides ovatus (116), Listeria innocua (117), Streptomyces venezuelae (118), Pyrococcus furiosus (119), Cellvibrio japonicus (114), Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (120), Microbispora bispora (121), Thermoanaerobacter brockii (122), Thermobifida fusca (103), Pseudomonas sp. (123), Monoglobus pectinilyticus (41), Ruminococcus champanellensis (109), and Ruminococcus bromii (110)