FIGURE 5.

High-fat diet modulated the diurnal rhythm of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids. Mice were fed with a standard chow diet, or a high-fat diet prior to pregnancy for 5 weeks, and throughout pregnancy. The morning of vaginal plug confirmed the pregnancy and was considered E0.5. On E18.5, pregnant mice were killed at 4-h intervals over 24 h. (A) Euclidean distance PCoA. Shading represents different time points as indicated. (B) Relative abundance and (C) diurnal patterns of SCFAs. (D) Heatmap of correlation analysis between SCFAs and the altered family. (E) Correlation analysis between butyric acid and Clostridiaceae_1. Significant rhythms (P < 0.05) are denoted by the continuous line, and non-significant rhythms are denoted by the dotted line. The dots mark individual measurements in each zeitgeber time (ZT), and line represents cosinor regression fit. Rhythmic pattern of genes with significant differences in phase (#) derived from CircaCompare (n = 2–3/time point). Data of bar chart are expressed as means ± S.E.M. (n = 12/group) using Student’s t-test; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. Ctr, standard chow diet-fed pregnant mice; HF, high-fat diet-fed pregnant mice; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids.