Herbal extracts and compounds with antimicrobial activity described during the past twenty-year perioda.
| Herbal medicine | Extract/compound | Bacteria | Antimicrobial activity (MIC) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloids | ||||
| Coptis chinensis Franch. | Berberine hydrochloride | Candida albicans | 160 μg mL−1 | 143 |
| Berberine | ETEC | 1.75 to 1.96 μM | 10,12 | |
| Trichophyton mentagrophytes | 250.4 μg mL−1 | |||
| Trichophyton rubrum | 125 μg mL−1 | |||
| Microsporum canis | 62 μg mL−1 | |||
| Microsporum gypseum | 125 μg mL−1 | |||
| Sophora flavescens aiton | Alkaloid extract | P. aeruginosa | 62.5 μg mL−1 | 144 |
| B. subtilis | 62.5 μg mL−1 | |||
| Delphinium cashmerianum Royle | Ethyl acetate extract | S. pneumonia | 6.25 μg mL−1 | 145 |
| K. pneumoniae | 25 μg mL−1 | |||
| C. albicans | 50 μg mL−1 | |||
| Methanol extracts | S. pneumonia | 25 μg mL−1 | ||
| N. mucosa | 50 μg mL−1 | |||
| Flavonoids | ||||
| Curcuma longa L. | Curcumin | MRSA | 125–250 μg mL | 42,146 |
| Aqueous extract | S. epidermis ATCC 12228 | 4 × 103 μg mL−1 | 147 | |
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 6 × 103 μg mL−1 | |||
| K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031 | 1.6 × 104 μg mL−1 | |||
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | 4 × 103 μg mL−1 | |||
| Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Baicalein | S. anginosus | MIC50s, 20–160 μg mL−1 | 30 |
| S. gordonii | MIC90s, 80–320 μg mL−1 | |||
| P. intermedia | ||||
| Portulaca oleracea L. | Flavonoids | E. coli | 313 μg mL−1 | 148 |
| S. aureus | 156 μg mL−1 | |||
| Viola philippica Cav. | Streptococcus galactostasis | 39 μg mL−1 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 78 μg mL−1 | |||
| Escherichia coli | 156 μg mL−1 | |||
| Streptococcus agalactiae | 313 μg mL−1 | |||
| Streptococcus mammae | 625 μg mL−1 | |||
| Salmonella | 1250 μg mL−1 | |||
| Trollius chinensis Bunge | Orientin | S. aureus | 25 μg mL−1 | 149 |
| S. epidermidis | 25 μg mL−1 | |||
| Total flavonoids | S. epidermidis | 80 μg mL−1 | 150 | |
| S. aureus | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Shigella dysenteriae | 160 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. pyogenes beta | 310 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. paratyphi A | 620 μg mL−1 | |||
| Croton betaceus Baill. | Hexane fraction | Enterococcus faecalis | 1.0 mg mL−1 | 151 |
| Streptococcus mutans | 1.0 mg mL−1 | |||
| Candida albicans | 1.0 mg mL−1 | |||
| Croton lundianus (Didr.) Müll.Arg. | Hexane fraction | Streptococcus mutans | 1.0 mg mL−1 | 151 |
| Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. | Phenolic extract of seeds | C. difficile | 8 μg mL−1 | 152 |
| Isobavachalcone | C. difficile | 4 μg mL−1 | ||
| Essential oils and terpenes | ||||
| Allium sativum L. | Essential oil | S. aureus | 100 μg mL−1 | 62,70,153 |
| P. aeruginosa | ||||
| S. epidermidis | ||||
| Salmomella Enteritidis | ||||
| L. monocytogenes | ||||
| Elephantopus scaber L. | Scabertopin | S. aureus | 80 μg mL−1 | 154 |
| S. epidermidi | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Trichophyton mentagrophytes | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Isoscabertopin | S. aureus | 160 μg mL−1 | ||
| S. epidermidi | 160 μg mL−1 | |||
| Trichophyton mentagrophytes | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Deoxyelephantopin | S. aureus | 160 μg mL−1 | ||
| S. epidermidi | 160 μg mL−1 | |||
| Trichophyton rubrum | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Trichophyton mentagrophytes | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Microsporum canis | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Isodeoxyelephantopin | Trichophyton rubrum | 80 μg mL−1 | ||
| Trichophyton mentagrophytes | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Microsporum canis | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | Ethanol extract | MRSA | 110–1760 μg mL−1 | 155 |
| MSSA | 110–1760 μg mL−1 | |||
| Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev | Essential oil | Streptococci species | 200–800 μg mL−1 | 156 |
| streptococci ratti and obligate anaerobic bacteria such as F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis | 100–200 μg mL−1 | |||
| Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees | Andrographolide | E. coli | 50 μg mL−1 | 69 |
| K. pneumonia | 100 μg mL−1 | |||
| B. subtilis | 100 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. aureus | 100 μg mL−1 | |||
| Mycobacterium smegmatis | 200 μg mL−1 | |||
| P. aeruginosa | 200 μg mL−1 | |||
| Streptococcus thermophilus | 350 μg m−1 | |||
| Patrinia scabiosifolia Link | Oleanolic acid | P. aeruginosa | 256 μg mL−1 | 72 |
| Thymus mongolicus (Ronniger) Ronniger | Essential oil | E. coli | 350 mL/L | 87,157 |
| Aspergillus niger | ||||
| S. aureus | ||||
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ||||
| Aspergillus flavus | ||||
| Mentha suaveolens ehrh. | Essential oil | S. xylosus | 14.4 μL mL−1 | 158 |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | Ocimum basilicum L. oil | S. typhimurium | 0.009–23.48 μg mL−1 | 159 |
| Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague | Essential oil extracted from seeds | K. pneumoniae | 250 ppm | 160 |
| E. coli | 100 ppm | |||
| S. aureus | ||||
| Allium cepa L. | Onion oil | S. aureus | 12 μg mL−1 | 161 |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Ursolic acid | Streptococcus mutans | 2 μg mL−1 | 91 |
| Streptococcus sobrinus | 4 μg mL−1 | |||
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | Cryptotanshinone | A. tumefaciens | 12.5 μg mL−1 | 80 |
| E. coli | 12.5 μg mL−1 | |||
| P. lachrymans | 12.5 μg mL−1 | |||
| R. solanacearum | 12.5 μg mL−1 | |||
| X. vesicatoria | 6.25 μg mL−1 | |||
| B. subtilis | 25 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. aureus | 100 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. haemolyticus | 50 μg mL−1 | |||
| M. oryzae | 6.25 μg mL−1 | |||
| Dihydrotanshinone I | A. tumefaciens | 6.25 μg mL−1 | 80 | |
| E. coli | 25 μg mL−1 | |||
| P. lachrymans | 12.5 μg mL−1 | |||
| R. solanacearum | 12.5 μg mL−1 | |||
| X. vesicatoria | 12.5 μg mL−1 | |||
| B. subtilis | 25 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. aureus | 100 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. haemolyticus | 50 μg mL−1 | |||
| M. oryzae | 3.13 μg mL−1 | |||
| Apium graveolens L. | Sedanolide | Candida parapsilasis | 100 μg mL−1 | 162 |
| C. albicans | 100 μg mL−1 | |||
| Thymol | E. coli | 0.04–0.64 μL mL−1 | 67,77 | |
| P. aeruginosa | ||||
| Enterococcus feacalis | ||||
| Vibrio paraheamolyticus | ||||
| Vibrio alginolyticus | ||||
| Salmonella typhimurium | ||||
| Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | Hexane extract | S. aureus | 200 μg mL−1 | 163 |
| E. coli | 400 μg mL−1 | |||
| K. pneumoniae | 800 μg mL−1 | |||
| Origanum vulgare L. | Essential oils | S. aureus | 0.015 μL mL−1 | 164 |
| Sporothrix schenckii | 62–500 μg mL−1 | |||
| Sporothrix brasiliensis | 125–250 μg mL−1 | |||
| O.vulgare extracts | S. aureus | 62.5–125 μg mL−1 | ||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | ||||
| M. luteus | ||||
| Bacillus subtilis | ||||
| Enterococcus feacalis | ||||
| K. pneumoniae | ||||
| Blumea balsamifera DC. | Essential oils | S. aureus | 9.77 μg mL−1 | 165 |
| Seriphidium herba-alba (asso) Y.R.Ling | Total extract | S. aureus | 125–500 μg per disc | 166 |
| B. subtilis | ||||
| E. coli | ||||
| F. solani | 62.5–500 μg per disc | |||
| C. albicans | ||||
| 1,3,8-Trihydroxyeudesm-4-en-7α,11βH-12,6α-olide | B. subtilis | 25–50 μg per disc | ||
| S. aureus | ||||
| C. albicans | ||||
| Benzoic acid p-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-methyl ester | B. subtilis | 25–50 μg per disc | ||
| S. aureus | ||||
| Satureja hortensis L. | Volatile oils | Aerococcus viridans | 680 μg mL−1 | 167 |
| Eubacterium lentum | 80 μg mL−1 | |||
| Pantoea spp. | 170 μg mL−1 | |||
| Actinomyces naeslundii | 340 μg mL−1 | |||
| Staphylococcus sciuri | 340 μg mL−1 | |||
| Anethum graveolens L. | Volatile oils | Streptococcus intermedius | 710 μg mL−1 | |
| Organic acids | ||||
| Rhus c hinensis Mill. | Gallic acid | P. aeruginosa | 500 μg mL−1 | 168 |
| E. coli | 1500 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. aureus | 1750 μg mL−1 | |||
| L. monocytogenes | 2000 μg mL−1 | |||
| Polysaccharides | ||||
| Cordyceps cicadae | Polysaccharide | E. coli | 100 μg mL−1 | 104 |
| Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce | Raw P. sibiricum polysaccharide | E. coli | 1230 μg mL−1 | 169 |
| B. subtilis | 980 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. aureus | 1310 μg mL−1 | |||
| Processing P. sibiricum polysaccharide | E. coli | 670 μg mL−1 | ||
| B. subtilis | 1160 μg mL−1 | |||
| S. aureus | 740 μg mL−1 | |||
| Coumarins | ||||
| Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. | Cajanuslactone | S. aureus ATCC 6538 | 31 μg mL−1 | 170 |
| Lignans | ||||
| Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. | S. chinensis extract | Ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli | 15.63 μg mL−1 | 115 |
| Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl | Forsythin | P. aeruginosa | 512 μg mL−1 | 171 |
| Extract | S. aureus | MIC90, 980 μg mL−1 | 172 | |
| S. epidermidis | MIC90, 244 μg mL−1 | |||
a
MIC: minimal inhibit concentration. ETEC: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MSSA: methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.