Table 1.

Comparison of mainstream bone and cartilage repair methods.

Repair methods	Example	Advantages	Disadvantages
Autogenous and Allogeneic bone	/	No immunological rejection	Chronic pain, nerve injury
Non-bioabsorbable materials	PMMA, PEEK	1) Rapid Curing 2) No magnetism	Secondary surgery
Bioabsorbable metal materials	Magnesium, Zinc	1) Reduce stress shielding 2) High biocompatibility	Low mechanical strength and corrosion
Bioabsorbable polymer materials	Collagen, Chitosan	1) Can be cross-linked or blended 2) Promote cell adhesion	Poor stability and mechanical properties
Bioabsorbable inorganic materials	Hydroxyapatite, Bio-glass	Poor stability and mechanical properties	Low toughness and high brittleness
Bioabsorbable compound materials	Mineralized collagen	Better osteogenic capacity	Process complexity