Table 2.
Semi-elasticities (95% CIs) of the impact of prenatal exposure to a 10% increase in NGD production activity (averaged over 9 months) on birth outcomes overall and by women’s race/ethnicity (2005–2018).
| Overall | Interaction | White | Black | Hispanic | Asian | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth weighta, b (grams) | −1.48 (−2.60, −0.37) |
−0.26 (−1.58, 1.06) |
−10.19 (−13.56, −6.81) |
−0.65 (−1.62, 0.33) |
−2.76 (−5.05, −0.46) |
−2.81 (−8.06, 2.43) |
|
| p-value | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.3 |
| Gestational agea (weeks) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
−0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) |
0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
0.03 (0.01, 0.04) |
0.01 (−0.00, 0.01) |
0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) |
|
| p-value | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.4 |
| Low birth weighta, b (yes/no) |
0.0008 (0.0006, 0.0010) |
0.0003 (0.0000, 0.0005) |
0.0039 (0.0031, 0.0047) |
0.0004 (0.0001, 0.0007) |
0.0004 (−0.0002, 0.0011) |
0.0008 (−0.0010, 0.0026) |
|
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Small-for-gestational agea, b (yes/no) |
0.0018 (0.0015, 0.0022) |
0.0013 (0.0009, 0.0018) |
0.0081 (0.0068, 0.0093) |
0.0006 (0.0001, 0.0012) |
0.0034 (0.0022, 0.0045) |
−0.0008 (−0.0035, 0.0020) |
|
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
| Preterm birtha (yes/no) |
−0.0008 (−0.0012, −0.0005) |
0.0001 (−0.0008, 0.0010) |
−0.0004 (−0.0028, 0.0020) |
−0.0023 (−0.0036, −0.0011) |
0.0003 (−0.0007, 0.0012) |
−0.0011 (−0.0042, 0.0019) |
|
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.9 | 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
NGD, natural gas development.
a
Model adjusted for women’s race/ethnicity, education, age, nativity, marital status, parity, prenatal care initiation, prenatal smoking, infant sex, birth year; models included county random effects and clustering by county.
b
Model also adjusted for gestational age.