Table 1.
Aldehydes compounds of BSG treated with bath ultrasonication and its combination with conventional water bath and autoclave treatments.
| Compounds (%) | Bath Ultrasonication |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 min |
15 min |
25 min |
|||||||
| Control | Autoclaved | Water-bath | Control | Autoclaved | Water-bath | Control | Autoclaved | Water-bath | |
| Butanal, 3-methyl- | 4.03 ± 0.01 | 2.62 ± 0.03 | 2.88 ± 0.14 | 2.73 ± 0.18 | 3.56 ± 0.14 | 3.09 ± 0.16 | 2.06 ± 0.05 | 3.59 ± 0.13 | 2.92 ± 0.18 |
| Pentanal | – | – | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.00 | – | 0.69 ± 0.03 | – | – | 1.14 ± 0.09 |
| Hexanal | 20.11 ± 0.67 | 12.89 ± 0.02 | 18.21 ± 0.78 | 13.32 ± 0.49 | 8.89 ± 0.28 | 16.14 ± 0.14 | 16.64 ± 0.47 | 16.21 ± 0.34 | 23.20 ± 0.49 |
| 2-Hexenal, (E)- | – | – | 0.38 ± 0.02 | – | – | 0.38 ± 0.00 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | – | 0.32 ± 0.01 |
| Heptanal | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 1.32 ± 0.11 | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.00 | 1.20 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | – | 1.33 ± 0.11 |
| 2-Heptenal, (Z)- | 0.22 ± 0.02 | – | 0.24 ± 0.00 | – | – | 0.94 ± 0.01 | – | – | 0.38 ± 0.01 |
| 2,4-Heptadienal, (E,E)- | – | – | 0.30 ± 0.00 | 0.48 ± 0.00 | – | 0.40 ± 0.03 | – | – | 0.47 ± 0.00 |
| Octanal | – | 0.31 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – | – | 3.13 ± 0.15 | – |
| 2-Octenal, (E)- | 3.87 ± 0.18 | 1.40 ± 0.01 | 2.56 ± 0.10 | 4.35 ± 0.07 | 3.29 ± 0.14 | 3.46 ± 0.22 | 2.86 ± 0.33 | 3.88 ± 0.04 | 3.79 ± 0.08 |
| Nonanal | 8.57 ± 0.25 | 15.54 ± 0.09 | 8.55 ± 0.08 | 12.99 ± 0.34 | 10.30 ± 0.29 | 10.37 ± 0.03 | 12.51 ± 0.17 | 13.43 ± 0.03 | 6.91 ± 0.37 |
| 2-Nonenal, (E)- | 2.91 ± 0.16 | 4.04 ± 0.07 | 2.52 ± 0.04 | 6.35 ± 0.29 | 3.07 ± 0.28 | 3.08 ± 0.16 | 3.70 ± 0.38 | 1.19 ± 0.04 | 3.19 ± 0.00 |
| Decanal | 1.51 ± 0.03 | 3.26 ± 0.19 | 2.54 ± 0.05 | 3.33 ± 0.15 | 1.68 ± 0.06 | 2.36 ± 0.15 | 2.14 ± 0.12 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | 1.60 ± 0.11 |
| 2-Decenal, (E)- | – | – | – | – | 0.40 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| Undecanal | – | – | 0.31 ± 0.01 | – | – | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | – | – |
| Dodecanal | – | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.00 | – | – | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | – | 0.12 ± 0.17 |
| 7-Hexadecenal, (Z)- | – | – | – | – | 0.30 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | 0.25 ± 0.01 |
| 2,4-Decadienal, (E,E)- | – | 3.11 ± 0.12 | 4.17 ± 0.33 | 3.89 ± 0.15 | 2.14 ± 0.11 | 5.03 ± 0.10 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 2.23 ± 0.00 | 1.30 ± 0.11 |
| 2,4-Nonadienal, (E,E)- | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.01 | 1.27 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.71 ± 0.09 | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.76 ± 0.02 |
| Benzaldehyde | 3.52 ± 0.18 | 5.20 ± 0.22 | 7.16 ± 0.48 | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 2.65 ± 0.10 | 3.85 ± 0.07 | 2.97 ± 0.09 | 7.06 ± 0.21 | 5.19 ± 0.07 |
| Benzeneacetaldehyde | 5.60 ± 0.25 | 7.93 ± 0.14 | 3.77 ± 0.12 | 7.06 ± 0.14 | 11.18 ± 0.18 | 5.43 ± 0.10 | 5.81 ± 0.09 | 13.15 ± 0.08 | 7.11 ± 0.10 |
| Octadecanal, 2-bromo- | – | 1.36 ± 0.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cyclopentaneacetaldehyde, 2-formyl-3-methyl-α-methylene- | – | 0.68 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total* | 51.67 ± 0.48d | 60.17 ± 0.03b | 56.53 ± 0.32c | 57.74 ± 0.40c | 49.07 ± 0.76e | 58.17 ± 0.06c | 51.23 ± 0.36d | 65.62 ± 0.13a | 59.97 ± 0.74b |
Note: italic demonstrated its presence in untreated BSG from preliminary study. The percentage is obtained based on the area of the specific compound compared to the total area all identified volatile compounds. The data is shown as mean ± standard deviation from at least duplicate analysis. Letters show the significant differences from other treatment in the same row (p < 0.05).