Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies and their sleep variables included in the meta-analyses.

Study	Setting	T1D participants				Control participants			Study design	Sleep measurement	Sleep characteristics in meta-analyses
		N	Age(y)	BMI(kg/m2)	HbA1c(%)	N	Age(y)	BMI(kg/m2)
Studies comparing sleep in type 1 diabetes vs control participants
Barone et al. [35]	Brazil	18	26.3	23.0	7.8	9	28.8	22.0	Matched case–control (age, BMI)	Sleep diary, actimeter, PSGc	Duration, quality
Janovsky et al. [20]	Brazil	20	28.6	22.9	7.2	22	23.2	21.8	Matched case–control (age, BMI)	PSGa	Stages, duration, quality, OSA
Jauch-Chara et al. [21]	Germany	14	31.3	24.2	7.7	14	28.9	23.1	Matched case–control (age, BMI, sex)	PSGb	Stages, duration, quality
Mandl et al. [43]	Sweden	31	52.0	23.9	NA	200	45.0	24.4	Unmatched case-control	Questionnaire (8 sleep questions from Autonomic Symptom Profile)	Quality
Matyka et al. [40]	UK	15	9.4		8.8	15	9.2		Matched case–control (age, sex)	PSGa	Duration
Olsson et al. [13]	Norway	138	54.3	29.2	NA	51050	43.0	24.8	Prospective study, mean follow up 15.3 y	Questionnaire of insomnia symptoms	Quality
Palladino et al. [44]	USA	117	18.5	25.7	8.9	122	18.0		Case–control	Questionnaire (first five questions of PSQI)	Quality
Perfect et al. [23]	USA	50	13.4	67.6 percentile	9.1	40	13.5	65.8 percentile	Matched case–control (age, BMI, sex)	PSGc (40 matched pairs) Actigraphyc (diabetes cohort)	Duration
Pillar et al. [41]	Israel	15	12.6	18.5	8.5	15	13.3	19.3	Matched case–control (age, BMI)	PSGc	Stages, duration, quality
Sivertsen et al. [12]	Norway	40	19.9	233.2	NA	9843	19.9	22.2	Unmatched case–control	Questionnaire (sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, snoring)	Duration, quality
van Dijk et al. [17]	The Netherlands	99	43.9	24.5	7.8	99	44.1	24.5	Matched case–control (age, BMI, sex)	Questionnaires (PSQI and OSA risk)	Duration, quality
Studies exploring the relationship between sleep and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes patients
Bachle et al. [45]	Germany	202	19.4	23.7	8.3				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9, sleeping difficulties)	Quality
Borel et al. [24]	France	37	43.0	24.9	7.8				Cross-sectional	Oximetrya (N = 37) PSGa (N = 18)	Stages, duration, quality, OSA
Borel et al. [16]	France	79	39.5	24.5	7.9				Cross-sectional	Actigraphya Questionnaire evaluating OSA risk	Duration, quality, OSA
Bot et al. [10]	The Netherlands	277	43.9	25.4	7.8				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9, sleeping difficulties)	Quality
Bouhassira et al. [25]	France	297	48.3	25.4	7.9				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire (Medical Outcome Sleep Scale assessing sleep quantity and disturbances)	Duration
Estrada et al. [26], ages 6–13	USA	36	9.8	BMI z-score −1.11	8.3				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	Duration
Estrada et al. [26], ages >13–17	USA	50	15.1	BMI z-score −0.40	9.5				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	Duration
Estrada et al. [26], adults	USA	20	25.9	29.7	8.6				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	Duration
Feupe et al. [7]	USA	17	19–26	NA	7.3				Cross-sectional	Wireless sleep monitorsc	Stages, duration
Manin et al. [29]	France	67	54.0	25.8	7.6				Cross-sectional	PSGa (N = 54) PSGa (N = 13)	Stages, duration, quality, OSA
Matejko et al. [27]	Poland	148	26.3	23.3	7.2				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire (Self-reported sleep duration)	Duration
Perfect [22], ages 10–13	USA	24	11.5	BMI z-score 0.36	8.2				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire (Self-reported sleep duration)	Duration
Perfect [22], ages >13–17	USA	26	15.2	BMI z-score 0.88	9.7				Cross-sectional	Questionnaire (Self-reported sleep duration)	Duration
Schober et al. [28]	Germany	62	41.7	25.5	8.1				Cross-sectional	Apnea linka (pulse oximetry and air flow measurement)	OSA

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; PSG, polysomnography; T1D, type 1 diabetes.

^aRecordings performed without glucose measurements.

^bRecordings performed under nonhypoglycemic condition.

^cRecordings performed with glucose measurements. Some participants had hypoglycemia.