Table 2.
Meta-analyses of mean difference (MD) of sleep characteristics between type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients and control participants.
| Sleep characteristics | Sleep measurements | Population | No. of studies | T1D (n) | Controls (n) | Resultsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep duration (min) | Questionnaire | Adults | 3 | 157 | 9,951 | No differences in sleep duration (MD = −0.73 min, 95% CI = −14.35, 12.89)a |
| PSG | Adolescents/children | 3 | 70 | 70 | T1D patients had shorter sleep duration by −26.55 min (95% CI = −35.39, −17.70). | |
| Sleep efficiency (%)b | PSG | Adults | 3 | 52 | 45 | No differences in sleep efficiency, MD = 0.70% (95% CI = −1.28, 2.68) |
| Sleep quality | Questionnaire (questionnaire score)c | Adults | 3 | 416 | 669 | T1D patients had poorer sleep quality (standardized MD = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.70) |
| Questionnaire (dichotomized good vs poor sleep quality) | Adults | 3 | 277 | 61,269 | No differences in self-reported good sleep quality between T1Dand controls (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.41, 1.52) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PSG, polysomnography.
a
Calculated by sleep variables of T1D patients minus those of control participants unless otherwise noted.
b
Higher number reflecting better sleep quality.
c
Higher number reflecting poorer sleep quality.