Table 1.
General characteristics of included studies which measured vaccine efficacy in patients with solid and haematological cancer after the third dose of vaccination.
| First author | Year | Study design | Title | Country | Median age | Number of patients given 3 doses | Number of controls | Humoral response definition | Data collection endpoint | Primary outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bagacean et al. | 2021 |
Prospective cohort |
Humoral response to mRNA anti-COVID-19 vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia | France | 71 (37–93) years | 95 | 0 | ≥6.8 AU/mL | 28 days | SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG |
| Di Noia et al. | 2022 | Prospective cohort | Potentiation of humoral response to BNT162b2 vaccine after the third dose in patients with solid cancer | Italy | 67 (24–89) | 407 | 0 | 28 days | Anti-spike IgG titre | |
| Fendler et al. | 2021 |
Prospective longitudinal cohort |
Immune responses following third COVID-19 vaccination are reduced in patients with haematological malignancies compared to patients with solid cancer | UK | 60 (19–84) years | 199 | 0 | IC50 titres >40 | 11–47 days | anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG against beta and delta variants |
| Fenioux et al. | 2021 |
Prospective observational cohort |
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response to 2 or 3 Doses of the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Patients Treated With Anticancer Agents | France | 66 (27–89) years | 36 | 0 | >1000 arbitrary units (AU)/mL to neutralise less-sensitive COVID-19 variants. | 28 days and 3 months | anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels |
| Gounant et al. | 2021 |
Prospective cohort |
Efficacy of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Vaccine in Patients With Thoracic Cancer: A Prospective Study Supporting a Third Dose in Patients With Minimal Serologic Response After Two Vaccine Doses | France | 67 (27–92) years |
30 (serological results only available for 26 of 30 vaccinated) |
18 | >300 AU/mL | 28 days | SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG |
| Greenberger et al. | 2021 |
Prospective cohort |
Anti-spike antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in patients with B-cell-derived haematologic malignancies | USA | 66 (31–80) years | 49 | 0 | >100 AU/mL | 28 days | SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG |
| Herishanu et al. | 2021 | Prospective Cohort | Efficacy of a third BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose in patients with CLL who failed standard 2-dose vaccination | Israel | 72.1 (IQR: 68.1–77.7) years | 172 | 0 | >50 AU/mL | 21 days | anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG titres |
| Marlet et al. | 2021 | Retrospective cohort | Antibody Responses after a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients and Patients Treated for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia | France | 70% over 65 years, 0% under 50 years | 20 | 160 (transplant patients) | > = 30 BAU/mL (associated with 50% vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19) (BAU = AU/mL x 0.142) | 42 days | SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG |
| Naranbhai et al.i | 2022 | Prospective cohort | Neutralisation breadth of SARS-CoV-2 viral variants following primary series and booster SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with cancer | USA | 68 (61–72) years | 13 | 165 (cancer patients) | >1,000 U/mL (surrogate of breadth of response against multiple Covid variants) | ≥14 days | breadth of responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants(alpha, gamma and delta) after booster vaccine |
| Reimann et al. | 2021 | Prospective cohort | Efficacy and safety of heterologous booster vaccination with Ad26.COV-2.S after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in haemato-oncological patients with no antibody response | Austria | 72 (IQR: 60–78) years | 29 (non-responders to 2 doses) | 0 | > = 550 mg/dl [>0.82 BAU/ml (Elecsys) and >50 AU/ml (Abbott, 7.1BAU/ml)] | 28 days (except 1 patient at 40 days) | antibody to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain |
| Rottenberg et al. | 2021 | Prospective cohort study | Assessment of Response to a Third Dose of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Patients With Solid Tumours Undergoing Active Treatment | USA | 67 (43–88) years | 37 | 0 | >19 AU/ml | 86 days | SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG |
| Shapiro et al. | 2021 | Prospective cohort | Efficacy of booster doses in augmenting waning immune responses to COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer | USA | 69 (30–91) years | 88 | 0 | >50 AU/mL | 28 days | SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titres |
| Shroff et al. | 2021 | Cohort control | Immune responses to two and three doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in adults with solid tumours | USA | 64 years | 20 (53 given 2 doses) | 50 (2 doses only) | Unspecified | 5–11 days | RBD-specific antibodies and virus-neutralising antibodies |
| Yang et al. | 2022 | Retrospective observational cohort | Cell-mediated and humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and booster dose in immunosuppressed patients | USA | 50 years | 13 | 18 | > = 1.1 (OD ratio) | ≥7 days | anti-S1 IgG and SARS-CoV-2 IGRA |
| Zeng et al. | 2021 | Prospective Cohort | COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccines elicit strong protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in patients with cancer | USA | 58 (IQR: 51–64) years | 27 | 23 (cancer patients, 2 doses only) | NT50 > = 80 | 2–112 days | nAb titres against the Omicron, D614G, and Delta variants |