Table 3.
Evaluation results for XCAT test images at 25% of the normal dose.
Domain | Method | NRMSE | SSIM | Relative error in tSNR | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ROI 1 | ROI 2 | ROI 3 | ROI 4 | ROI 1 | ROI 2 | ROI 3 | ROI 4 | ROI 1 | ROI 2 | ROI 3 | ROI 4 | ||
Image | CNN‐MSE | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 2.56 | 4.02 | 0.00 | 3.74 |
CNN‐MAE | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 3.21 | 2.37 | 0.01 | 3.77 | |
CNN‐VGG | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.13 | |
CNN‐VGGMSE | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.88 | |
CNN‐VGGMAE | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.09 | 0.43 | 0.90 | |
WGAN‐VGGMSE | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.09 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.10 | |
WGAN‐VGGMAE | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.23 | |
Sinogram | CNN‐MSE | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.89 | 1.56 | 0.16 | 1.02 |
CNN‐MAE | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 1.46 | 0.09 | 0.96 | |
CNN‐VGG | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.53 | 0.63 | |
CNN‐VGGMSE | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.52 | |
CNN‐VGGMAE | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.53 | |
WGAN‐VGGMSE | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.30 | |
WGAN‐VGGMAE | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.38 | |
TV‐IR | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.08 | |
LDCT | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.62 |
MSE, mean‐squared error; MAE, mean absolute error; CNN, Convolutional neural network; VGG, Visual Geometry Group network; WGAN‐GP, Wasserstein generative adversarial network with gradient penalty; LDCT, low‐dose CT; NDCT, normal‐dose CT; NRMSE, normalized root‐mean‐squared error; SSIM, the structural similarity index; tSNR, task SNR; ROI, region of interest. The bold values indicate superior performance.