Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample of opioid-treated chronic pain patients (N = 165).
| Measure |
Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (n = 77) |
Supportive Group Psychotherapy (n = 88) |
| Age | 54.7 ± 11.7 | 53.9 ± 10.5 |
| Female, N (%) | 48 (64%) | 58 (66%) |
| Pain condition/ location, N (%)* |
||
| Back pain | 43 (57%) | 51 (58%) |
| Osteoarthritis pain | 7 (9%) | 12 (14%) |
| Fibromyalgia | 7 (9%) | 4 (5%) |
| Neuropathic pain | 6 (8%) | 5 (6%) |
| Cervical pain | 1 (1%) | 3 (3%) |
| Extremity pain | 2 (3%) | 2 (2%) |
| Other | 5 (6%) | 7 (8%) |
| Pain severity (0–10) | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 5.9 ± 2.1 |
| Pain duration in years |
14.6 ± 10.4 | 15.1 ± 10.1 |
| Primary opioid type, N (%) |
||
| Hydrocodone | 18 (23%) | 20 (23%) |
| Oxycodone | 25 (32%) | 29 (33%) |
| Tramadol | 12 (16%) | 14 (16%) |
| Morphine | 10 (13%) | 7 (8%) |
| Fentanyl | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) |
| Methadone | 2 (3%) | 7 (8%) |
| Buprenorphine | 2 (3%) | 3 (3%) |
| Other | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Duration of opioid use in months |
109.4 ± 89.0 | 119.4 ± 101.0 |
| Morphine equivalent daily dose in milligrams |
81.6 ± 121.4 | 115.9 ± 174.0 |
| Opioid misuse, COMM score |
16.1 ± 7.5 | 17.2 ± 7.9 |
| Opioid use disorder diagnosis |
40 (53%) | 60 (71%) |
| Positive drug urine screen† |
14 (26%) | 11 (20%) |
*Because patients could report multiple pain conditions and locations, this percentage could sum to greater than 100%.
†A positive drug urine screen was given if a participant tested positive for illicit drugs or for a nonprescribed opioid medication.