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. 2022 Oct 7;9(10):e37968. doi: 10.2196/37968

Table 6.

Mental health outcomes (N=76).

Construct- outcome measure Baseline Follow-up Between-group comparisons

Inuka group (n=45), mean (SD) WhatsApp group (n=31), mean (SD) t (df) P value Inuka group (n=45), mean (SD) WhatsApp group (n=31), mean (SD) F (df) P value
Common mental disorders (Shona Symptoms Questionnaire) 8.0 (2.6) 8.1 (2.0) 10.116 (74) .91 5.4 (2.1) 6.48 (1.6) 2.63 (2,73) .08
Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) 10.4 (5.5) 13.2 (2.3) −2.725 (74) .008 6.9 (4.0) 9.7 (2.8) 7.67 (2,73) <.001
Anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) 10.5 (5.8) 12.1 (2.7) −1.630 (74) .15 7.2 (4.4) 9.1 (2.7) 2.95 (2,73) .06
Disability and functioning (WHOa Disability Assessment Schedule) 23.1 (9.0) 22.1 (5.4) −1.766 (74) .08 18.4 (5.1) 17.8 (2.1) 0.273 (2,73) .76
Social support (multidimensional scale of perceived social support) 25.9 (5.2) 27.7 (3.1) −1.766 (74) .08 28.2 (4.5) 28.4 (3.3) 1.545 (2,73) .22
HRQoLb (EQ-5Dc utility score) 0.807 (0.139) 0.745 (1.69) 1.735 (74) .09 0.859 (0.124) 0.850 (0.077) 1.49 (2,73) .23
HRQoL (EQ-5D visual analog scale score) 62.1 (20.2) 58.6 (12.5) 0.870 (74) .39 73.2 (11.5) 63.6 (10.4) 7.287 (2,73) .001

aWHO: World Health Organization.

bHRQoL: health-related quality of life.

cEQ-5D: EuroQol-5 dimensions.