Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted Cox-regression analyses using landmarks during the pre–COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods as well as all-cause mortality—Indiana, 2019-2020 (N=41,924).
| Variable | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||||||||
|
|
Estimate (SE) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Estimate (SE) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | ||||||||
| Covid-19 perioda |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
No | N/Ab | Reference | <.001 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 0.63 (0.04) | 1.88 (1.73-2.05) |
|
0.65 (0.04) | 1.91 (1.76-2.09) |
|
|||||||
| Age group (years) |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
18-44 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
45-64 | 0.91 (0.13) | 2.48 (1.91-3.22) |
|
0.86 (0.13) | 2.36 (1.81-3.08) |
|
|||||||
|
|
≥65 | 1.33 (0.13) | 3.80 (2.94-4.91) |
|
1.20 (0.13) | 3.35 (2.58-4.35) |
|
|||||||
| Sex |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
Female | N/A | Reference | <.001 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Male | 0.16 (0.04) | 1.17 (1.08-1.27) |
|
0.18 (0.04) | 1.20 (1.10-1.30) |
|
|||||||
| Race or ethnicity |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
White | N/A | Reference | <.001 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Black | 0.13 (0.08) | 1.14 (0.98-1.34) |
|
0.14 (0.08) | 1.15 (0.98-1.34) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Hispanic | –0.74 (0.21) | 0.48 (0.32-0.72) |
|
–0.60 (0.21) | 0.55 (0.36-0.83) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Other | –0.27 (0.07) | 0.76 (0.66-0.87) |
|
–0.20 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.71-0.94) |
|
|||||||
| Comorbidities |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
0 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
1 | 0.66 (0.05) | 1.94 (1.76-2.15) |
|
0.39 (0.05) | 1.48 (1.33-1.63) |
|
|||||||
|
|
≥2 | 1.20 (0.05) | 3.31 (2.99-3.67) |
|
0.82 (0.05) | 2.27 (2.04-2.52) |
|
|||||||
| Cancer |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
Other | N/A | Reference | <.001 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Breast | –1.82 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.13-0.21) |
|
–1.72 (0.13) | 0.17 (0.14-0.23) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Colorectal | –0.51 (0.09) | 0.60 (0.50-0.72) |
|
–0.61 (0.09) | 0.54 (0.45-0.66) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Leukemia | 0.08 (0.09) | 1.08 (0.89-1.32) |
|
–0.03 (0.10) | 0.96 (0.79-1.17) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx | –0.52 (0.16) | 0.59 (0.44-0.81) |
|
–0.60 (0.16) | 0.55 (0.40-0.75) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Lung and bronchus | 0.59 (0.06) | 1.82 (1.61-2.04) |
|
0.33 (0.06) | 1.39 (1.23-1.57) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Lymphoma | –0.28 (0.11) | 0.76 (0.61-0.93) |
|
–0.29 (0.11) | 0.74 (0.60-0.92) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Myeloma | –0.34 (0.15) | 0.71 (0.52-0.96) |
|
–0.53 (0.15) | 0.58 (0.43-0.80) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Other digestive | 0.72 (0.06) | 2.07 (1.82-2.35) |
|
0.53 (0.06) | 1.69 (1.48-1.93) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Other hematological | –1.63 (0.33) | 0.41 (0.21-0.80) |
|
–1.75 (0.58) | 0.17 (0.06-0.54) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Prostate | –1.70 (0.12) | 0.25 (0.21-0.30) |
|
–1.94 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.11-0.18) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Melanoma | –1.83 (0.13) | 0.24 (0.20-0.28) |
|
–1.93 (0.13) | 0.14 (0.11-0.19) |
|
|||||||
|
|
Urinary tract | –0.52 (0.09) | 0.67 (0.57-0.78) |
|
–0.79 (0.09) | 0.45 (0.37-0.55) |
|
|||||||
| Region |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
Urban | N/A | Reference | <.001 | N/A | Reference | <.001 | |||||||
|
|
Rural | 0.07 (0.04) | 1.07 (0.98-1.17) |
|
0.007 (0.05) | 0.99 (0.91-1.09) |
|
|||||||
aCOVID-19 period calculated as a binary variable; no=January 1, 2019, to January 14, 2020; yes=January 15, 2020, to December 31, 2020.
bN/A: not applicable.