Table 1.
Baseline Demographics, Clinical Features, and Laboratory Characteristics
| Characteristic | Acetaminophen (n = 187) | Control (n = 191) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Sex, n (%), male | 164 (88) | 156 (82) |
| Age, y | 35 (26–50) | 36 (24–48) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 5 (3) | 2 (1) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 23 (12) | 16 (8) |
| Complications at enrollmenta | ||
| Coma | 0 | 0 |
| Respiratory distress | 2 | 2 |
| Shock | 2 | 5 |
| Jaundice | 5 | 3 |
| Anemia | 1 | 1 |
| Abnormal bleeding | 0 | 0 |
| Hypoglycemia | 0 | 1 |
| Metabolic acidosis | 4 | 3 |
| World Health Organization–defined severe acute kidney injury b | 6 | 4 |
| Hyperparasitemia | 2 | 3 |
| Parasitemia ≥20 000/uL | 22 | 26 |
| Severe malaria, n (%) | 16 (9) | 17 (9) |
| Number of severity criteria | 1 (range, 1–4) | 1 (range, 1–3) |
| Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes stage on enrollment, n (%) | ||
| 0 | 134 (72) | 132 (69) |
| 1 | 40 (21) | 52 (27) |
| 2 | 8 (4) | 5 (3) |
| 3 | 5 (3) | 2 (1) |
| All stages | 53 (28) | 59 (31) |
| Clinical examination | ||
| Temperature, °C | 37.8 (37.0–38.5) | 38.0 (37.2–39.0) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 110 (101– 119) | 110 (102–118) |
| Respiratory rate, bpm | 20 (20–20) | 20 (20–20) |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 99 (97–99) | 98 (98–99) |
| Weight, mean (±SD), kg | 62.4 (±13) | 59.6 (±12) |
| Laboratory investigationsc | ||
| Parasite count, parasites/µL | 2294 (503–9062) | 2560 (642–9721) |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 134 (132–137) | 134 (132–137) |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 3.8 (3.5–4) | 3.8 (3.46–4.1) |
| Chloride, mmol/L | 102 (100–105) | 102 (100–104) |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.0 (5.4–6.7) | 6.2 (5.5–7.5) |
| Urea, mmol/L | 4.9 (3.8–6.7) | 5.3 (3.9–6.4) |
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 84 (74–99) | 86 (74–100) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.8 (12.4–14.7) | 13.8 (12.5–15.0) |
| Cell-free hemoglobin, ng/mL | 31 100 (16 700–64 900) | 27 600 (14 100–58 000) |
| Maximum cell-free hemoglobin, ng/mL | 93 400 (45 700–211 900) | 67 300 (39 700–174 500) |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L | 20.6 (14.1–30.5) | 21.5 (14.9–27.0) |
| Direct bilirubin, µmol/L | 11.4 (6.7–17.4) | 11.3 (7.0–16.4) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 31 (22–45) | 31 (23–45) |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 36 (24–56) | 33 (23–51) |
| Bicarbonate, mEq/L | 21.8 (19.7–24.9) | 23.1 (19.6–25.4) |
| Base excess, mean (SD), mEq/L | –3.0 (±4.0) | –2.0 (±3.4) |
| Albuminuria, mg/mmol | 4.05 (1.74–9.52) | 4.6 (2.1–9.5) |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of severe Plasmodium knowlesi malaria criteria: coma, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <11; respiratory distress, oxygen saturation <92% with respiratory rate >30 breaths per minute; shock, systolic blood pressure <80 mm Hg with cool peripheries or impaired capillary refill; jaundice, bilirubin >50 µmol/L, with parasitemia >20 000/µL and/or creatinine >132 µmol/L; anemia, hemoglobin <7.0 g/dL; abnormal bleeding, including recurrent or prolonged bleeding (from the nose, gums, or venipuncture sites), hematemesis, or melena; hypoglycemia, blood glucose <2.2 mmol/L; metabolic acidosis, bicarbonate <15 mmol/L of lactate >5 mmol/L; severe acute kidney injury, creatinine >265 µmol/L; hyperparasitemia, parasite count >100 000/µL (or >2% infected red blood cells). Data are median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified.
According to WHO criteria for severe malaria.
All values are median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified.
Cell-free hemoglobin >77 600.