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. 2022 Oct 11;11:e81449. doi: 10.7554/eLife.81449

Figure 5. Effects of stamen forward-snapping on pollen placement on the pollinator body and pollen deposition on stigmas after single visits by Apis cerana (A, C) and the anthophorid bees (B, D).

Numbers of pollen grains placed on bees’ tongues during a single visit were significantly higher when stamens were mobile (SM) than when stamens were experimentally immobilized (SI) (A, B). Numbers of pollen grains deposited on the stigma of the second-visited flower (pollen recipient) during single visits by A. cerana (C) and the anthophorids (D) in three trials with the sequence being SM + SM flowers; SM + SI flowers; and SI + SI flowers. The box plots indicate the median (mid lines), the interquartile range (boxes), and 1.5× the interquartile range (whiskers). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among three trials.

Figure 5.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Foraging behavior of Apis cerana and its effect on pollination in Berberis julianae flowers with experimentally immobilized stamens and controls in 2020 and 2021 including visits to floral arrays per flower (A, B), insect handling time per flower (C, D), and pollen removal (E, F), pollen deposition (G, H) and pollen transfer efficiency (I, J) by single visits.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1.

Mean and SEs (standard-error bars) are presented, with different lowercase letters indicating significant differences between control (SM) and stamen-immobilized (SI) flowers.