Table 1.
Completed clinical trials of pancreatic cancer vaccines
| Vaccine type | NCT number | Immunogen | Additional treatment | Phase | Enrollment | Endpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell-based vaccine | NCT00004604 | CEA RNA-pulsed autologous DC | No | Phase I | Not provided | 2002 |
| NCT00002773 | Allogeneic pancreatic cancer cell | Cyclophosphamide, GM-CSF | Phase II | Not provided | 2004 | |
| NCT00084383 | GVAX | 5-fluorouracil, radiotherapy | Phase II | 60 | 2006 | |
| NCT00255827 | Allogeneic tumor cell expressing α-1,3 galactosyltransferase | No | Phase I/II | 7 | 2007 | |
| NCT00128622 | Autologous DC-infected with fowlpox-CEA-6D-TRICOM | Denileukin diftitox | Phase I | Not provided | 2007 | |
| NCT00027534 | Autologous DC-infected with fowlpox-CEA-6D-TRICOM | Autologous DC mixed with CMV pp65 and tetanus toxoid | Phase I | Not provided | 2007 | |
| NCT00547144 | Autologous DC | Gemcitabine, stereotactic radiosurgery | Phase I | 2 | 2008 | |
| NCT00002475 | Allogeneic or autologous tumor cell | Cyclophosphamide, GM-CSF | Phase II | Not provided | 2009 | |
| NCT00305760 | GVAX | Cetuximab, cyclophosphamide | Phase II | 60 | 2009 | |
| NCT00161187 | Allogeneic lymphocyte | No | Phase I | Not provided | 2011 | |
| NCT01410968 | Peptide-pulsed DC | Poly-ICLC | Phase I | 12 | 2016 | |
| NCT02151448 | Autologous αDC1-loaded with autologous tumor material | Celecoxib, IFN-α, rintatolimod | Phase I/II | 64 | 2019 | |
| NCT00727441 | GVAX | Surgery, cyclophosphamide | Phase II | 87 | 2019 | |
| NCT01896869 | GVAX | FOLFIRINOX, ipilimumab | Phase II | 83 | 2019 | |
| Peptide-based vaccine | NCT00006387 | RAS | Immunological adjuvant QS21 | Phase I | Not provided | 2002 |
| NCT00008099 | MUC1 | SB AS-2 | Phase I | 25 | 2004 | |
| NCT00019006 | RAS | Detox-B adjuvant | Phase I | Not provided | Not provided | |
| NCT00019331 | RAS | IL-2, GM-CSF | Phase II | Not provided | 2007 | |
| NCT00648102 | HCG-β | No | Phase I | Not provided | 2009 | |
| NCT00622622 | VEGFR2 | Gemcitabine | Phase I | 21 | 2009 | |
| NCT00709462 | HCG-β | No | Phase I | Not provided | 2010 | |
| NCT00529984 | CEA | No | Phase I/II | Not provided | 2010 | |
| NCT00425360 | Telomerase | Gemcitabine, capecitabine, GM-CSF | Phase III | Estimated 1110 | 2013 | |
| NCT00655785 | VEGFR1, VEGFR2 | Gemcitabine | Phase I/II | 17 | 2013 | |
| NCT01342224 | Telomerase | GM-CSF, gemcitabine | Phase I | 11 | 2018 | |
| Microorganism-based vaccine | NCT00003125 | ALVAC-CEA, vaccinia-CEA | IL-2, GM-CSF | Phase II | Not provided | 2004 |
| NCT00028496 | Fowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM | GM-CSF | Phase I | Not provided | 2005 | |
| NCT01191684 | MVAp53 | No | Phase I | Not provided | 2013 | |
| NCT00569387 | Algenpantucel-L | Surgery, gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil | Phase II | 73 | 2014 | |
| NCT00300950 | Yeast expressing four different mutated RAS protein | Gemcitabine | Phase II | 176 | 2015 | |
| NCT02338752 | DPT, typhoid, staphylococcus aureus, paratyphoid A and B | Surgery, chemotherapy | Phase I/II | 20 | 2015 | |
| NCT03127098 | Adenovirus [E1-, E2b-]-CEA(6D) | IL-15 | Phase I/II | Not provided | 2017 | |
| Protein-based vaccine | NCT00003025 | HSPPC-96 | No | Phase I | 16 | 2002 |
| DNA-based vaccine | NCT01486329 | VEGFR-2 DNA | No | Phase I | 72 | 2014 |
All clinical trial data were collected from ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home). CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, DC dendritic cell, GM-CSF granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GVAX GM-CSF gene-transfected allogeneic pancreatic cancer cell, CMV pp65 cytomegalovirus pp65, αDC1 α-type-1 polarized dendritic cell, RAS Ras GTPase-activating protein, MUC1 mucin 1, VGEFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, HCG-β human chorionic gonadotropin beta, SB AS-2 an immunologic adjuvant system consisting of an oil-in-water emulsion containing two immunostimulants: monophosphoryl Lipid A and a saponin derivative QS-21, MVAp53 modified vaccinia virus ankara vaccine expressing p53, DPT diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, HSPPC-96 heat shock protein-peptide complex-96