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. 2022 Oct 12;12:17061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21437-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Experimental setup using a custom-made aiming device allowing exact positioning of the microwave antenna (A) and glass tube, which simulated a natural vessel (V). Three different antenna to vessel (A–V) distances (*) were evaluated. All ablations were initially cut at the largest cross-sectional area (+) which is expected at the centre of the active zone of the microwave antenna. (b) Ablations were then bisected every 2 mm from the ablation centre (0). Each ablation half could be divided into a maximum of ten slices (− 20/+ 20). (c) Only the ablation half containing the vessel (V) was used for a quantitative analysis. Cooling effects were determined by subtracting the actual ablation area from an idealized ablation, which was calculated with the maximum ablation radius (r_max).