. 2022 Oct 12;8:127. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00507-x

Table 2.

Summary and characteristics of cross-sectional studies reporting the associations for pattern of sedentary behaviour accumulation with cognitive function

Authors (year) Country Study Design Pinwheel number	Participants Mean age (Mage) % F (female) SB time (min)	Device or self-report (measure of sedentary behaviour)	Domain (outcome measure)	Covariates adjusted for	Results	Conclusion
Bollaert et al. (2019) [68] USA CS Prevalence Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 39	Healthy group n = 40, Mage = 66.5 (6.7), %F = 62.5, SB time = 534 Multiple Sclerosis group n = 40, Mage = 65.3 (4.3), %F = 62.5, SB time = 540 Population: mixed	Device (Actigraph)	Processing Speed (SDMT, PASAT) Episodic Memory (BVMT, CVLT-II)	Not stated	*# of SB bouts* *Between groups* p > 0.05 *Healthy Controls (r)* SDMT: − 0.12 CVLT-II: − 0.17 BVMT-R: − 0.04 PASAT: − 0.08 *MS group (r)* SDMT: 0.09 CVLT-II: 0.24 BVMT-R: 0.08 PASAT: 0.20 *Duration of SB bouts:* *Between groups* p > 0.05 *Healthy Controls (r)* SDMT: − 0.11 CVLT-II: − 0.10 BVMT-R: 0.10 PASAT: 0.01 *MS group (r)* SDMT: − 0.22 CVLT-II: 0.01 BVMT-R: − 0.08 PASAT: − 0.18 *# of long SB bouts (> 30 min)* *Between groups* p > 0.05 *Healthy Controls (r)* SDMT: − 0.08 CVLT-II: − 0.27 BVMT-R: 0.02 PASAT: − 0.09 *MS group (r)* SDMT: − 0.17 CVLT-II: 0.22 BVMT-R: − 0.02 PASAT: 0.03 *Duration of long SB bouts* *Between groups* p < 0.015 *Healthy Controls (r)* SDMT: − 0.21 CVLT-II: − 0.02 BVMT-R: 0.11 PASAT: − 0.01 *MS group (r)* SDMT: − 0.05 CVLT-II: 0.04 BVMT-R: − 0.02 PASAT: 0.08	Pattern of SB was not associated with cognitive function Duration of long sedentary bouts were longer in the MS group compared to the controls
Cukic et al. (2018) [35] Scotland CS/LO Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 3^a,b,c	LBC1936 cohort n = 271, Mage = 79.0 (0.4) % F = 48.3, SB time = 626.8 Population: non-clinical 3^a	Device (activPal3)	Global Cognitive Function (general cognitive ability factor (g) computed from 6 tests taken from the WAIS (Matrix Reasoning, Block Design, Letter-Number Sequencing, Symbol Search, DSB, and Digit Symbol), Moray Houst Test No. 12 (MHT), Alice Heim 4 test (AH4)) Processing Speed Four-choice (RT) Motor Skills and Construction (Simple RT)	Model 1: age and sex Model 3: age, sex, education, long standing illness	Interruptions: β, [95% CI] Model 1 g-factor: 0.02 [− 0.10, 0.14], p = 0.80 Simple RT: 0.00 [− 0.12, 0.12], p = 0.99 Choice RT: − 0.03 [− 0.15, 0.09], p = 0.60 MHT Age 11: 0.07 [− 0.05, 0.19], p = 0.24 MHT change age 11–79: 0.03 [− 0.11, 0.14], p = 0.99 Model 3 g-factor: − 0.04 [− 0.18, 0.10], p = 0.61 Simple RT: 0.01 [− 0.11, 0.13], p = 0.89 Choice RT: 0.03 [− 0.15, 0.09], p = 0.60 MHT change age 11–79: 0.01 [− 0.01, 0.03], p = 0.99	Interruptions in SB were not associated with cognitive function
Twenty-07 1950’s cohort n = 310, Mage = 64.6 (0.9) %F = 53.2, SB time % = 60.8 Population: non-clinical 3^b	Model 1: age and sex Model 4: age, sex, education, long standing illness, employment status	Interruptions: β, [95% CI] Model 1 AH4 wave 5: 0.05 [− 0.07, 0.17], p = 0.37 Simple RT wave 5: − 0.06 [− 0.18, 0.06], p = 0.27 Choice RT wave 5: − 0.04 [− 0.16, 0.08], p = 0.49 Model 4 AH4 wave 5: 0.11 [− 0.03, 0.25], p = 0.11 Simple RT wave 5: − 0.06 [− 0.06, 0.18], p = 0.29 Choice RT wave 5: − 0.05 [− 0.17, 0.07], p = 0.43	Interruptions in SB were not associated with cognitive function
Twenty-07 1930’s cohort n = 119, Mage = 83.4 (0.6) % F = 54.6, SB time % = 68.2 Population: non-clinical 3^c	Model 1: age and sex Model 3: age, sex, education, long standing illness	Cog ability & SB interruptions: β, [95% CI] Model 1 AH4 wave 1: 0.08 [− 0.10, 0.26], p = 0.41 AH4 wave 5: 0.05 [− 0.15, 0.25], p = 0.60 Simple RT: − 0.07 [− 0.27, 0.13], p = 0.47 Choice RT: 0.09 [− 0.09, 0.27], p = 0.32 Model 3 AH4 wave 1: 0.13 [− 0.09, 0.35], p = 0.24 AH4 wave 5: 0.10 [− 0.12, 0.32], p = 0.41 Simple RT: − 0.09 [− 0.29, 0.11], p = 0.39 Choice RT: 0.04 [− 0.21, − 0.29], p = 0.77	Interruptions in SB were not associated with cognitive function
English et al. (2016) [74] Australia CS Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 7	n = 50, Mage = 67.2 (11.6) % F = 34.0, SB = nr Population: clinical	Device (activPAL)	Global Cognitive Function (MoCA)	Waking hours	MoCA with prolonged sitting time (≥ 30) r = −0.006, p = 0.970	Prolonged sitting was not associated with cognitive function
Ezeugwu et al. (2017) [75] Canada CS Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 8	n = 30, Mage = 63.8 (12.3) % F = 43.3, SB time = 673.9 Population: clinical	Device (activPAL)	Global Cognitive Function (MoCA)	Not reported	Sedentary interruptions and MoCA r = 0.07, p > 0.05	Interruptions in SB time were not associated with cognitive function
Falck et al. (2017) [55] Canada CS Prevalence Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 10	Probable MCI n = 81, Mage = 72.5 (7.6) % F = 59.8, SB time = 594.8 Without MCI n = 69, Mage = 69.4 (6.4) % F = 77.9, SB time = 541.6 Population: mixed	Device (MotionWatch8)	Global Cognitive Function (MoCA, ADAS-Cog Plus) Probable MCI = MoCA < 26	Age, sex, education	Mean (SD) b/n those with MCI & without Average 30 + min bouts/day SB with probable MCI = 4.07 (1.85)without MCI = 3.30 (1.73) p = 0.046 SB and ADAS-Cog Plus (β) Average 30 + min bouts/day: 0.061, p = 0.016 SB and ADAS-Cog Plus Based on MCI Status (β) non-MCI Average 30 + min bouts/day: 0.075, p = 0.064 MCI Average 30 + min bouts/day: 0.033, p = 0.282	Participants with probable MCI had more 30 + min bouts/day of SB compared to those without MCI Significant association between greater 30 + min bouts/day of SB and poorer cognitive performance Marginal relationship between greater 30 + min bouts/day of SB and poorer cognitive function for participants without MCI No relationship for more 30 + min bouts of SB and cognitive performance for those with probable MCI
Hartman et al. (2018) [83] Netherlands CS Prevalence Pattern Study # in pinwheel = N/A	Dementia n = 45, Mage = 79.6 (5.9) % F = 51, SB time = 510 Controls n = 49, Mage = 80.0 (7.7) % F = 48.9, SB time = 486 Population: mixed	Device (Philips Actiwatch 2)	Global Cognitive Function (MMSE)	Not reported	# of interruptions in SB (SD) Dementia: 28.2 (26.2–32.5) Control: 27.2 (24.5–31.0) p = 0.195 # of 30 min prolonged bouts (SD) Dementia: 2.0 (0.9–3.3) Control: 2.3 (1.0–4.1) p = 0.227 Duration of avg SB bout (SD) Dementia: 16.6 (15.3–18.4) Control: 18.3 (16.4–21.1) p = 0.008	No significant difference between groups for number of interruptions or number of 30-min prolonged bouts of SB The dementia patients had significantly longer durations of SB bouts compared to the controls
Leung et al. (2017) [76] Canada CS Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 22	n = 114, Mage = 86.7 (7.5) % F = 85.1, SB = 835 Population: non-clinical	Device (ActiGraph)	Global Cognitive Function (MoCA)	Not reported	*# of sedentary bouts:* p > 0.05 *Duration of sedentary bouts:* p > 0.05	Number and duration of SB bouts were not associated with cognitive function
Lu et al. (2018) [84] Hong Kong CS Prevalence Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 24	Healthy: n = 271, Mage = 81.9 (3.5), % F = 38.2 Low MoCA: n = 252, Mage = 83.4 (4.0), % F = 47.6 MCI: n = 105, Mage = 83.6 (3.7), % F = 48.6 AD: n = 182, Mage = 80.8 (5.9), % F = 65.4 Population: mixed	Device (Actigraph)	Global Cognitive Function (Hong Kong version of MoCA)	Model 1: age, gender, wear time Model 2: age, gender, wear time, years of education, BMI, unusual gait speed, living status, disease burden	Average SB bout length compared to the AD group: Controls: 6.6 (0.2), p < 0.05 Low MoCA: 6.5 (0.2), p < 0.05 MCI: 6.3 (0.3), p < 0.05 AD: 7.9 (0.2) # of SB bouts > 30 min compared to the AD group = Controls: 3.3 (0.1), p < 0.05 Low MoCA: 3.3 (0.1), p < 0.05 MCI: 3.5 (0.2), p < 0.05 AD: 4.1 (0.1)	AD patients had longer SB bouts compared to the other 3 groups AD patients had more SB bouts > 30 min compared to the other 3 groups
Marinac et al. (2019) [71] USA CS Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 26	n = 30, Mage = 62.2 (7.8) % F = 100, SB time = 498 Population: clinical	Device (activPAL)	Cognitive Flexibility (The Dimensional Change Card Sort Test) Executive Function (FLA) Episodic Memory (Picture Sequence Memory Test) Working Memory (List Sorting) Processing Speed (Pattern Comparison Test)	Device wear time, education, employment status, MVPA, chemotherapy status	Time in sitting bouts > 20 min: (b, p) Executive Function: − 0.73, 0.54 Cognitive Flexibility: − 2.82, 0.02 Episodic memory: 3.29, 0.17 Working memory: 1.36, 0.44 Processing speed: − 1.21, 0.57 Sit-to-stand transitions: (b, p) Executive Function: 0.14, 0.27 Cognitive Flexibility: 0.16, 0.2 Episodic memory: − 0.06, 0.82 Working memory: − 0.36, 0.051 Processing speed: 0.07, 0.77	More time spent in prolonged sitting bouts was associated with worse cognitive flexibility scores More sit-to-stand transitions was not associated with cognitive function
Wanigatunga et al. (2018) [53] USA CS Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 34	n = 1275, Mage = 79 (5.0) % F = 67, SB time (min–max) = 24–512 Population: non-clinical	Device (ActiGraph)	Processing Speed (Digit Symbol Coding (DSC)) Episodic Memory (HVLT) Working Memory (n-back) Cognitive Flexibility (Task switching paradigm) Executive Function FLA Global Cognitive Function (DSC, HVLT, n-back, task switching paradigm)	Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, marital status, BMI, smoking status, sleep quality, perceived stress, living with two or more morbid conditions	Association’s b/w low and high 30 + min bouts of SB [b, (SE)] One-back high: − 0.014 (0.013) Two back high: − 0.003 (0.016) DSC high: − 0.519 (0.879) Task-switching (no) high: 50.636 (76.635) Task-switching (yes) high: 27.604 (96.787) Flanker congruent high: 12.798 (16.416) Flanker incon high: 3.798 (23.759) HVLT immediate high: 0.284 (0.372) HVLT delayed high: 0.199 (0.202) Global composite high: − 0.012 (0.048)	No significant associations for more 30 + min bouts of SB and cognitive function
Watts et al. (2018) [54] USA CS Prevalence Pattern Study # in pinwheel = 35	Mild AD n = 47, Mage = 73.1 (8.0) % F = 34. SB time = 584 Controls n = 53, Mage = 73.2 (6.5) % F = 69, SB time = 556.8 Population: mixed	Device (activPAL)	Global Cognitive Function (MMSE) Mild AD diagnosis: = 0.5 (very mild) or 1 (mild) Controls: = 0 (no dementia)	None	# interruptions, (SD) Mild AD activPAL: 42.28 (13.43) Controls activPAL: 47.52 (12.01) p = 0.06 30 + min bouts Mild AD activPAL: 5.49 (1.35) Controls activPAL: 4.91 (1.57) p = 0.07	Number of SB interruptions or 30 + min bouts of SB did not differ between groups

Authors (year) Country
Study Design
Pinwheel number

Participants
Mean age (Mage)
% F (female)
SB time (min)

Device or self-report (measure of sedentary behaviour)

Domain (outcome measure)

Covariates adjusted for

Results

Conclusion

Bollaert et al. (2019) [68]

USA CS Prevalence Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 39

Healthy group

n = 40, Mage = 66.5 (6.7), %F = 62.5, SB time = 534

Multiple Sclerosis group

n = 40, Mage = 65.3 (4.3), %F = 62.5, SB time = 540

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Processing Speed (SDMT, PASAT)

Episodic Memory

(BVMT, CVLT-II)

Not stated

# of SB bouts

Between groups

p > 0.05

Healthy Controls (r)

SDMT: − 0.12

CVLT-II: − 0.17

BVMT-R: − 0.04

PASAT: − 0.08

MS group (r)

SDMT: 0.09

CVLT-II: 0.24

BVMT-R: 0.08

PASAT: 0.20

Duration of SB bouts:

Between groups

p > 0.05

Healthy Controls (r)

SDMT: − 0.11

CVLT-II: − 0.10

BVMT-R: 0.10

PASAT: 0.01

MS group (r)

SDMT: − 0.22

CVLT-II: 0.01

BVMT-R: − 0.08

PASAT: − 0.18

# of long SB bouts (> 30 min)

Between groups

p > 0.05

Healthy Controls (r)

SDMT: − 0.08

CVLT-II: − 0.27

BVMT-R: 0.02

PASAT: − 0.09

MS group (r)

SDMT: − 0.17

CVLT-II: 0.22

BVMT-R: − 0.02

PASAT: 0.03

Duration of long SB bouts

Between groups

p < 0.015

Healthy Controls (r)

SDMT: − 0.21

CVLT-II: − 0.02

BVMT-R: 0.11

PASAT: − 0.01

MS group (r)

SDMT: − 0.05

CVLT-II: 0.04

BVMT-R: − 0.02

PASAT: 0.08

Pattern of SB was not associated with cognitive function

Duration of long sedentary bouts were longer in the MS group compared to the controls

Cukic et al. (2018) [35]

Scotland

CS/LO

Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 3^a,b,c

LBC1936 cohort

n = 271, Mage = 79.0 (0.4)

% F = 48.3, SB time = 626.8

Population: non-clinical

3^a

Device (activPal3)

Global Cognitive Function (general cognitive ability factor (g) computed from 6 tests taken from the WAIS (Matrix Reasoning, Block Design, Letter-Number Sequencing, Symbol Search, DSB, and Digit Symbol), Moray Houst Test No. 12 (MHT), Alice Heim 4 test (AH4))

Processing Speed Four-choice (RT)

Motor Skills and Construction (Simple RT)

Model 1: age and sex

Model 3: age, sex, education, long standing illness

Interruptions: β, [95% CI]

Model 1

g-factor: 0.02 [− 0.10, 0.14], p = 0.80

Simple RT: 0.00 [− 0.12, 0.12], p = 0.99

Choice RT: − 0.03 [− 0.15, 0.09], p = 0.60

MHT Age 11: 0.07 [− 0.05, 0.19], p = 0.24

MHT change age 11–79: 0.03 [− 0.11, 0.14], p = 0.99

Model 3

g-factor: − 0.04 [− 0.18, 0.10], p = 0.61

Simple RT: 0.01 [− 0.11, 0.13], p = 0.89

Choice RT: 0.03 [− 0.15, 0.09], p = 0.60

MHT change age 11–79: 0.01 [− 0.01, 0.03], p = 0.99

Interruptions in SB were not associated with cognitive function

Twenty-07 1950’s cohort

n = 310, Mage = 64.6 (0.9)

%F = 53.2, SB time % = 60.8

Population: non-clinical

3^b

Model 1: age and sex

Model 4: age, sex, education, long standing illness, employment status

Interruptions: β, [95% CI]

Model 1

AH4 wave 5: 0.05 [− 0.07, 0.17], p = 0.37

Simple RT wave 5: − 0.06 [− 0.18, 0.06], p = 0.27

Choice RT wave 5: − 0.04 [− 0.16, 0.08], p = 0.49

Model 4

AH4 wave 5: 0.11 [− 0.03, 0.25], p = 0.11

Simple RT wave 5: − 0.06 [− 0.06, 0.18], p = 0.29

Choice RT wave 5: − 0.05 [− 0.17, 0.07], p = 0.43

Interruptions in SB were not associated with cognitive function

Twenty-07 1930’s cohort

n = 119, Mage = 83.4 (0.6)

% F = 54.6, SB time % = 68.2

Population: non-clinical

3^c

Model 1: age and sex

Model 3: age, sex, education, long standing illness

Cog ability & SB interruptions: β, [95% CI]

Model 1

AH4 wave 1: 0.08 [− 0.10, 0.26], p = 0.41

AH4 wave 5: 0.05 [− 0.15, 0.25], p = 0.60

Simple RT: − 0.07 [− 0.27, 0.13], p = 0.47

Choice RT: 0.09 [− 0.09, 0.27], p = 0.32

Model 3

AH4 wave 1: 0.13 [− 0.09, 0.35], p = 0.24

AH4 wave 5: 0.10 [− 0.12, 0.32], p = 0.41

Simple RT: − 0.09 [− 0.29, 0.11], p = 0.39

Choice RT: 0.04 [− 0.21, − 0.29], p = 0.77

Interruptions in SB were not associated with cognitive function

English et al. (2016) [74]

Australia

CS Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 7

n = 50, Mage = 67.2 (11.6)

% F = 34.0, SB = nr

Population: clinical

Device (activPAL)

Global Cognitive Function (MoCA)

Waking hours

MoCA with prolonged sitting time (≥ 30)

r = −0.006, p = 0.970

Prolonged sitting was not associated with cognitive function

Ezeugwu et al. (2017) [75]

Canada CS Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 8

n = 30, Mage = 63.8 (12.3)

% F = 43.3, SB time = 673.9

Population: clinical

Device (activPAL)

Global Cognitive Function (MoCA)

Not reported

Sedentary interruptions and MoCA

r = 0.07, p > 0.05

Interruptions in SB time were not associated with cognitive function

Falck et al. (2017) [55]

Canada CS Prevalence Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 10

Probable MCI

n = 81, Mage = 72.5 (7.6)

% F = 59.8, SB time = 594.8

Without MCI

n = 69, Mage = 69.4 (6.4)

% F = 77.9, SB time = 541.6

Population: mixed

Device (MotionWatch8)

Global Cognitive Function (MoCA, ADAS-Cog Plus)

Probable MCI = MoCA < 26

Age, sex, education

Mean (SD) b/n those with MCI & without

Average 30 + min bouts/day SB

with probable MCI = 4.07 (1.85)without MCI = 3.30 (1.73)

p = 0.046

SB and ADAS-Cog Plus (β)

Average 30 + min bouts/day: 0.061, p = 0.016

SB and ADAS-Cog Plus Based on MCI Status (β)

non-MCI

Average 30 + min bouts/day: 0.075, p = 0.064

MCI

Average 30 + min bouts/day: 0.033, p = 0.282

Participants with probable MCI had more 30 + min bouts/day of SB compared to those without MCI

Significant association between greater 30 + min bouts/day of SB and poorer cognitive performance

Marginal relationship between greater 30 + min bouts/day of SB and poorer cognitive function for participants without MCI

No relationship for more 30 + min bouts of SB and cognitive performance for those with probable MCI

Hartman et al. (2018) [83]

Netherlands CS Prevalence Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = N/A

Dementia

n = 45, Mage = 79.6 (5.9)

% F = 51, SB time = 510

Controls

n = 49, Mage = 80.0 (7.7)

% F = 48.9, SB time = 486

Population: mixed

Device (Philips Actiwatch 2)

Global Cognitive Function (MMSE)

Not reported

# of interruptions in SB (SD)

Dementia: 28.2 (26.2–32.5)

Control: 27.2 (24.5–31.0)

p = 0.195

# of 30 min prolonged bouts (SD)

Dementia: 2.0 (0.9–3.3)

Control: 2.3 (1.0–4.1)

p = 0.227

Duration of avg SB bout (SD)

Dementia: 16.6 (15.3–18.4)

Control: 18.3 (16.4–21.1)

p = 0.008

No significant difference between groups for number of interruptions or number of 30-min prolonged bouts of SB

The dementia patients had significantly longer durations of SB bouts compared to the controls

Leung et al. (2017) [76]

Canada CS Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 22

n = 114, Mage = 86.7 (7.5)

% F = 85.1, SB = 835

Population: non-clinical

Device (ActiGraph)

Global Cognitive Function (MoCA)

Not reported

# of sedentary bouts:

p > 0.05

Duration of sedentary bouts:

p > 0.05

Number and duration of SB bouts were not associated with cognitive function

Lu et al. (2018) [84]

Hong Kong CS Prevalence Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 24

Healthy: n = 271, Mage = 81.9 (3.5), % F = 38.2

Low MoCA: n = 252, Mage = 83.4 (4.0), % F = 47.6

MCI: n = 105, Mage = 83.6 (3.7), % F = 48.6

AD: n = 182, Mage = 80.8 (5.9), % F = 65.4

Population: mixed

Device (Actigraph)

Global Cognitive Function (Hong Kong version of MoCA)

Model 1: age, gender, wear time

Model 2: age, gender, wear time, years of education, BMI, unusual gait speed, living status, disease burden

Average SB bout length compared to the AD group:

Controls: 6.6 (0.2), p < 0.05

Low MoCA: 6.5 (0.2), p < 0.05

MCI: 6.3 (0.3), p < 0.05

AD: 7.9 (0.2)

# of SB bouts > 30 min compared to the AD group = Controls: 3.3 (0.1), p < 0.05

Low MoCA: 3.3 (0.1), p < 0.05

MCI: 3.5 (0.2), p < 0.05

AD: 4.1 (0.1)

AD patients had longer SB bouts compared to the other 3 groups

AD patients had more SB bouts > 30 min compared to the other 3 groups

Marinac et al. (2019) [71]

USA CS Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 26

n = 30, Mage = 62.2 (7.8)

% F = 100, SB time = 498

Population: clinical

Device (activPAL)

Cognitive Flexibility (The Dimensional Change Card Sort Test)

Executive Function (FLA)

Episodic Memory (Picture Sequence Memory Test)

Working Memory (List Sorting)

Processing Speed (Pattern Comparison Test)

Device wear time, education, employment status, MVPA, chemotherapy status

Time in sitting bouts > 20 min: (b, p)

Executive Function: − 0.73, 0.54

Cognitive Flexibility: − 2.82, 0.02

Episodic memory: 3.29, 0.17

Working memory: 1.36, 0.44

Processing speed: − 1.21, 0.57

Sit-to-stand transitions: (b, p)

Executive Function: 0.14, 0.27

Cognitive Flexibility: 0.16, 0.2

Episodic memory: − 0.06, 0.82

Working memory: − 0.36, 0.051

Processing speed: 0.07, 0.77

More time spent in prolonged sitting bouts was associated with worse cognitive flexibility scores

More sit-to-stand transitions was not associated with cognitive function

Wanigatunga et al. (2018) [53]

USA CS Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 34

n = 1275, Mage = 79 (5.0)

% F = 67, SB time (min–max) = 24–512

Population: non-clinical

Device (ActiGraph)

Processing Speed (Digit Symbol Coding (DSC))

Episodic Memory (HVLT)

Working Memory (n-back)

Cognitive Flexibility (Task switching paradigm)

Executive Function FLA

Global Cognitive Function (DSC, HVLT, n-back, task switching paradigm)

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, marital status, BMI, smoking status, sleep quality, perceived stress, living with two or more morbid conditions

Association’s b/w low and high 30 + min bouts of SB [b, (SE)]

One-back high: − 0.014 (0.013)

Two back high: − 0.003 (0.016)

DSC high: − 0.519 (0.879)

Task-switching (no) high: 50.636 (76.635)

Task-switching (yes) high: 27.604 (96.787)

Flanker congruent high: 12.798 (16.416)

Flanker incon high: 3.798 (23.759)

HVLT immediate high: 0.284 (0.372)

HVLT delayed high: 0.199 (0.202)

Global composite high: − 0.012 (0.048)

No significant associations for more 30 + min bouts of SB and cognitive function

Watts et al. (2018) [54]

USA CS Prevalence Pattern

Study # in pinwheel = 35

Mild AD

n = 47, Mage = 73.1 (8.0)

% F = 34. SB time = 584

Controls

n = 53, Mage = 73.2 (6.5)

% F = 69, SB time = 556.8

Population: mixed

Device (activPAL)

Global Cognitive Function (MMSE)

Mild AD diagnosis:

= 0.5 (very mild) or 1 (mild)

Controls:

= 0 (no dementia)

None

# interruptions, (SD)

Mild AD activPAL: 42.28 (13.43)

Controls activPAL: 47.52 (12.01)

p = 0.06

30 + min bouts

Mild AD activPAL: 5.49 (1.35)

Controls activPAL: 4.91 (1.57)

p = 0.07

Number of SB interruptions or 30 + min bouts of SB did not differ between groups

ACE Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, AD Alzheimer’s Disease, AF Animal Fluency, AOS Automated Operation Span, BVMT Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, CVLT California Verbal Learning Test, COG Cognitrone Test, DSB Digit Span Backwards, DSST Digit Symbol Substitution Task, FLA Flanker or Eriksen Flanker Test, GPT Grooved Pegboard Test, HVLT Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Mage Mean Age, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PASAT Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, RT Reaction Time, SB Sedentary Behaviour, SDMT Symbol Digit Modalities Test, TMT A Trail Making Test A, TMT B Trail Making Test B, VF Verbal Fluency, WAIS Wecshler Adult Intelligence Scale, WCST Wisconsin Card Sorting Test