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. 2022 Oct 12;12:17100. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21268-3

Table 2.

Summary of all tested soil materials.

Soil material Source USCS D50 (mm) Fines content (%) XRD Characterization
Primary minerals Other detectable minerals (> 2%)
Ottawa sand Commerical (US Silica Inc.) SP 0.2 Quartz (~ 100%)
Fraser river sand Field Sample (Delta, BC, Canada) SM 0.2 15.6 Quartz (~ 85%) Albite (~ 15%)
Concrete sand Teichert Aggregates (Woodland, CA, USA) SP 1.2 1.1 Quartz (~ 75%) Albite (~ 25%)
Covelo sand DenBeste Supply (Ukiah, CA, USA) SP 1.2 1.6 Quartz (~ 87%) Albite (~ 13%)
Delta sand NorCal Aggregates (Petaluma, CA, USA) SP 0.3 1.3 Quartz (~ 58%) Albite (~ 42%)
Monterey sand Cemex Inc. (Marina, CA, USA) SP 1.4 Quartz (~ 47%) Microcline (~ 42%), Albite (~ 11%)
Feldspar Laguna Clay (City of Industry, CA, USA) SP 4.0 Microcline (~ 78%) Albite (~ 12%), Quartz (~ 10%)
Olivine Laguna Clay (City of Industry, CA, USA) SP 2.4 Forsterite (~ 90%) Fayalite (~ 10%)
Mica Laguna Clay (City of Industry, CA, USA) SP 2.6 Lepidolite (~ 100%)
Kaolinite Commerical (Sigma Adrich) ML < 200 µm  = 100 Kaolinite (~ 100%)
Montmorillonite Commerical (Sigma Adrich) CH < 200 µm  = 100 Montmorillonite (~ 96%) Quartz (~ 4%)