Table 5.
Descriptive Statistics of the Stacked CanCHEC Analytical File with Cox Proportional HRs for Nonaccidental Mortality, and Outdoor Concentrations of PM2.5, O3, and Ox (10-year moving average with 1-year lag)
| Characteristic | Person-Yearsa | HRb | 95% CI | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | O3 (ppb) | Ox (ppb) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
| Total | 128,371,800 | — | — | — | 8.50 | 3.05 | 36.29 | 7.02 | 28.90 | 5.69 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 66,341,800 | — | — | — | 8.53 | 3.04 | 36.32 | 7.01 | 28.97 | 5.67 |
| Male | 62,030,100 | — | — | — | 8.47 | 3.07 | 36.26 | 7.03 | 28.83 | 5.71 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 24–35 | 34,617,500 | — | — | — | 8.36 | 3.04 | 36.15 | 7.10 | 28.71 | 5.75 |
| 35–44 | 36,046,400 | — | — | — | 8.37 | 3.01 | 36.26 | 7.01 | 28.73 | 5.66 |
| 45–54 | 26,871,100 | — | — | — | 8.44 | 3.02 | 36.42 | 6.98 | 28.92 | 5.66 |
| 55–64 | 17,222,600 | — | — | — | 8.67 | 3.07 | 36.47 | 6.96 | 29.17 | 5.65 |
| 65–74 | 10,485,100 | — | — | — | 9.02 | 3.12 | 36.37 | 6.99 | 29.42 | 5.67 |
| 75–89 | 3,129,200 | — | — | — | 9.53 | 3.23 | 35.82 | 6.93 | 29.51 | 5.71 |
| Immigrant status | ||||||||||
| No (ref) | 107,366,300 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.26 | 3.02 | 35.97 | 6.91 | 28.35 | 5.56 |
| Yes | 21,005,500 | 0.767 | 0.763 | 0.770 | 9.72 | 2.93 | 37.90 | 7.32 | 31.72 | 5.50 |
| Income adequacy quintile | ||||||||||
| Lowest (ref) | 20,271,600 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.47 | 3.14 | 35.60 | 7.07 | 28.58 | 5.93 |
| 2nd | 23,767,200 | 0.796 | 0.792 | 0.800 | 8.58 | 3.08 | 36.14 | 7.03 | 28.93 | 5.76 |
| 3rd | 26,855,700 | 0.701 | 0.698 | 0.705 | 8.53 | 3.05 | 36.34 | 6.99 | 28.94 | 5.67 |
| 4th | 28,350,300 | 0.626 | 0.623 | 0.630 | 8.50 | 3.02 | 36.49 | 6.99 | 28.97 | 5.61 |
| Highest | 29,127,100 | 0.534 | 0.531 | 0.537 | 8.44 | 3.00 | 36.64 | 7.01 | 29.00 | 5.55 |
| Visible minority status | ||||||||||
| No (ref) | 119,997,100 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.45 | 3.06 | 36.30 | 6.99 | 28.76 | 5.65 |
| Yes | 8,374,700 | 0.830 | 0.822 | 0.838 | 9.24 | 2.89 | 36.17 | 7.39 | 30.88 | 5.96 |
| Indigenous identity | ||||||||||
| No (ref) | 124,126,200 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.58 | 3.03 | 36.50 | 6.88 | 29.09 | 5.56 |
| Yes | 4,245,700 | 1.738 | 1.720 | 1.756 | 6.28 | 2.94 | 30.04 | 8.01 | 23.21 | 6.41 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||
| Employed (ref) | 89,141,700 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.49 | 3.02 | 36.48 | 7.05 | 29.02 | 5.64 |
| Unemployed | 7,038,300 | 1.486 | 1.471 | 1.501 | 8.02 | 3.19 | 35.05 | 6.87 | 27.66 | 5.95 |
| Not in labor force | 32,191,800 | 1.639 | 1.631 | 1.647 | 8.66 | 3.12 | 36.02 | 6.93 | 28.84 | 5.75 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||
| < High school graduation (ref) | 37,728,800 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.36 | 3.21 | 35.86 | 7.09 | 28.38 | 5.94 |
| High school, with or without trades certification | 47,533,900 | 0.812 | 0.809 | 0.816 | 8.46 | 3.04 | 36.34 | 7.04 | 28.79 | 5.64 |
| Postsecondary nonuniversity | 23,495,300 | 0.689 | 0.685 | 0.693 | 8.53 | 2.95 | 36.66 | 7.05 | 29.17 | 5.55 |
| University degree | 19,613,800 | 0.544 | 0.540 | 0.548 | 8.86 | 2.86 | 36.54 | 6.75 | 29.83 | 5.37 |
| Occupational class | ||||||||||
| Management (ref) | 10,885,100 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.64 | 2.96 | 36.77 | 6.95 | 29.46 | 5.51 |
| Professional | 16,184,000 | 0.867 | 0.857 | 0.877 | 8.68 | 2.92 | 36.38 | 6.86 | 29.39 | 5.48 |
| Skilled, technical, and supervisory | 31,562,900 | 1.170 | 1.159 | 1.182 | 8.26 | 3.05 | 36.22 | 7.06 | 28.57 | 5.66 |
| Semiskilled | 31,876,800 | 1.313 | 1.300 | 1.326 | 8.48 | 3.06 | 36.48 | 7.13 | 28.95 | 5.73 |
| Unskilled | 9,777,200 | 1.538 | 1.521 | 1.556 | 8.31 | 3.14 | 35.89 | 7.23 | 28.35 | 5.95 |
| Not applicable | 28,085,900 | 1.922 | 1.904 | 1.941 | 8.72 | 3.11 | 36.05 | 6.87 | 28.90 | 5.73 |
| Community Size (n) | ||||||||||
| Pop: > 1,500,000 (ref) | 36,383,800 | 1.000 | — | — | 10.12 | 2.43 | 37.25 | 5.94 | 32.06 | 4.54 |
| Pop: 500,000-1,499,999 | 21,100,100 | 0.941 | 0.936 | 0.946 | 8.53 | 2.42 | 34.45 | 5.79 | 29.06 | 3.90 |
| Pop: 100,000-499,999 | 23,408,700 | 1.018 | 1.013 | 1.023 | 9.07 | 3.22 | 39.49 | 8.19 | 30.36 | 6.34 |
| Pop: 30,000-99,999 | 12,633,600 | 1.026 | 1.019 | 1.032 | 8.24 | 3.05 | 36.36 | 6.63 | 27.37 | 4.80 |
| Pop: 10,000-29,999 | 4,983,800 | 1.034 | 1.024 | 1.044 | 6.73 | 2.69 | 32.74 | 7.36 | 24.34 | 5.42 |
| Not a CMA or CA | 29,861,700 | 1.037 | 1.031 | 1.042 | 6.48 | 2.71 | 34.48 | 6.93 | 25.21 | 5.03 |
| Airshed | ||||||||||
| Western (ref) | 15,378,700 | 1.000 | — | — | 7.55 | 2.52 | 29.54 | 4.40 | 24.14 | 3.29 |
| Prairie | 16,688,100 | 0.947 | 0.940 | 0.954 | 6.36 | 1.89 | 32.24 | 4.38 | 26.08 | 3.65 |
| West Central | 7,417,000 | 1.041 | 1.032 | 1.050 | 6.47 | 1.97 | 29.17 | 3.96 | 23.76 | 3.57 |
| Southern Atlantic | 12,502,600 | 1.095 | 1.087 | 1.103 | 5.28 | 1.93 | 32.22 | 3.05 | 23.25 | 2.63 |
| East Central | 75,502,400 | 1.027 | 1.021 | 1.032 | 9.95 | 2.68 | 40.06 | 5.99 | 32.05 | 4.68 |
| Northern | 883,000 | 1.182 | 1.154 | 1.211 | 4.81 | 1.80 | 25.69 | 6.39 | 18.77 | 4.16 |
| Urban form | ||||||||||
| Active urban core (ref) | 9,789,200 | 1.000 | — | — | 9.85 | 2.54 | 35.68 | 6.98 | 30.86 | 5.27 |
| Transit-reliant suburb | 8,276,800 | 0.942 | 0.934 | 0.950 | 10.27 | 2.46 | 35.66 | 6.20 | 31.74 | 4.86 |
| Car-reliant suburb | 52,819,500 | 0.871 | 0.865 | 0.876 | 9.41 | 2.71 | 37.39 | 6.83 | 30.89 | 5.06 |
| Exurban | 7,279,600 | 0.912 | 0.903 | 0.921 | 7.61 | 2.73 | 38.30 | 7.06 | 28.96 | 5.16 |
| Not a CMA | 50,206,800 | 0.945 | 0.939 | 0.951 | 7.12 | 3.00 | 35.06 | 7.09 | 25.94 | 5.26 |
| Residential instability (CAN-Marg) | ||||||||||
| Ql (lowest) (ref) | 29,568,200 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.05 | 3.11 | 37.83 | 7.26 | 29.35 | 5.84 |
| Q2 | 33,703,000 | 1.002 | 0.996 | 1.007 | 8.06 | 3.08 | 36.85 | 7.42 | 28.47 | 5.78 |
| Q3 | 26,187,300 | 1.000 | 0.994 | 1.006 | 8.42 | 3.13 | 35.18 | 7.08 | 28.09 | 5.91 |
| Q4 | 22,745,900 | 1.004 | 0.998 | 1.009 | 9.09 | 2.89 | 35.76 | 6.42 | 29.27 | 5.45 |
| Q5 (highest) | 16,167,400 | 1.060 | 1.053 | 1.066 | 9.56 | 2.57 | 34.85 | 5.62 | 29.76 | 4.89 |
| Dependence (CAN-Marg) | ||||||||||
| Ql (lowest) (ref) | 21,194,400 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.54 | 3.12 | 35.36 | 7.39 | 28.99 | 6.09 |
| Q2 | 21,610,100 | 0.969 | 0.962 | 0.976 | 8.79 | 3.03 | 36.23 | 7.00 | 29.33 | 5.62 |
| Q3 | 20,965,400 | 0.963 | 0.957 | 0.970 | 9.04 | 3.02 | 37.16 | 7.14 | 29.88 | 5.54 |
| Q4 | 27,313,100 | 0.952 | 0.946 | 0.958 | 8.72 | 3.02 | 36.89 | 7.23 | 29.20 | 5.55 |
| Q5 (highest) | 37,288,900 | 0.932 | 0.926 | 0.937 | 7.86 | 2.97 | 35.92 | 6.47 | 27.84 | 5.52 |
| Material deprivation (CAN-Marg) | ||||||||||
| Q1 (lowest) (ref) | 26,776,400 | 1.000 | — | — | 8.48 | 2.83 | 37.50 | 6.97 | 29.63 | 5.34 |
| Q2 | 27,472,900 | 1.057 | 1.050 | 1.063 | 8.85 | 2.87 | 37.31 | 7.24 | 29.48 | 5.46 |
| Q3 | 25,619,000 | 1.077 | 1.071 | 1.083 | 8.73 | 2.97 | 36.68 | 7.17 | 29.21 | 5.48 |
| Q4 | 21,604,900 | 1.110 | 1.104 | 1.117 | 8.75 | 3.02 | 35.66 | 6.98 | 28.98 | 5.81 |
| Q5 (highest) | 26,898,600 | 1.196 | 1.189 | 1.203 | 7.76 | 3.42 | 34.18 | 6.15 | 27.22 | 6.01 |
| Ethnic concentration (CAN-Marg) | ||||||||||
| Q1 (lowest) (ref) | 39,063,200 | 1.000 | — | — | 7.30 | 2.90 | 36.10 | 6.87 | 27.27 | 5.31 |
| Q2 | 31,068,600 | 1.019 | 1.014 | 1.024 | 8.36 | 2.96 | 36.87 | 7.16 | 28.79 | 5.54 |
| Q3 | 22,368,600 | 1.016 | 1.010 | 1.021 | 8.74 | 2.96 | 35.79 | 7.28 | 29.08 | 5.85 |
| Q4 | 18,766,500 | 1.029 | 1.023 | 1.035 | 9.63 | 2.82 | 36.26 | 6.94 | 30.48 | 5.57 |
| Q5 (highest) | 17,105,000 | 1.031 | 1.025 | 1.037 | 9.96 | 2.79 | 36.35 | 6.75 | 30.86 | 5.60 |
Ref = reference category; SD = standard deviation.
a Person-years are rounded to the nearest hundred for confidentiality reasons; sums may not add up to totals.
b HR for nonaccidental mortality relative to reference category stratified by age (5-year categories), sex, and immigrant status.