Table 7.
Cox Proportional HRs of Selected Causes of Death in Fully Adjusted Models Among Different CanCHEC Cohorts and mCCHS for Exposure to PM2.5 During the Previous 10 Yearsa
| Cause of Death / Cohort | Deathsb (n) | Coeff | SE | HRc | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 390,600 | 0.0151 | 0.0010 | 1.163 | 1.142 | 1.185 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 171,500 | 0.0139 | 0.0014 | 1.149 | 1.119 | 1.180 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 166,500 | 0.0151 | 0.0015 | 1.163 | 1.130 | 1.197 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 117,600 | 0.0161 | 0.0020 | 1.175 | 1.131 | 1.221 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 14,800 | 0.0122 | 0.0057 | 1.130 | 1.010 | 1.264 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 14,800 | 0.0082 | 0.0057 | 1.085 | 0.970 | 1.214 |
| Cerebrovascular | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 72,900 | 0.0100 | 0.0022 | 1.105 | 1.058 | 1.154 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 32,100 | 0.0100 | 0.0032 | 1.108 | 1.041 | 1.178 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 30,900 | 0.0069 | 0.0035 | 1.071 | 1.001 | 1.147 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 21,800 | 0.0159 | 0.0046 | 1.172 | 1.071 | 1.282 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 2,700 | 0.0004 | 0.0135 | 1.004 | 0.770 | 1.308 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 2,700 | –0.0014 | 0.0135 | 0.986 | 0.757 | 1.285 |
| Heart failure | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 20,500 | 0.0041 | 0.0043 | 1.042 | 0.959 | 1.133 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 8,800 | –0.0004 | 0.0061 | 0.996 | 0.884 | 1.123 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 8,800 | 0.0009 | 0.0066 | 1.009 | 0.886 | 1.149 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 6,400 | 0.0083 | 0.0086 | 1.086 | 0.918 | 1.286 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 900 | –0.0119 | 0.0249 | 0.888 | 0.545 | 1.448 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 900 | –0.0178 | 0.0249 | 0.837 | 0.513 | 1.364 |
| Ischemic heart disease | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 215,700 | 0.0203 | 0.0013 | 1.225 | 1.195 | 1.255 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 96,000 | 0.0185 | 0.0018 | 1.203 | 1.161 | 1.246 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 91,600 | 0.0211 | 0.0020 | 1.235 | 1.189 | 1.284 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 63,600 | 0.0192 | 0.0026 | 1.212 | 1.151 | 1.276 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 7,900 | 0.0248 | 0.0077 | 1.281 | 1.101 | 1.491 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 7,900 | 0.0202 | 0.0078 | 1.224 | 1.051 | 1.424 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 41,100 | 0.0218 | 0.0030 | 1.244 | 1.173 | 1.319 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 17,100 | 0.0180 | 0.0044 | 1.198 | 1.098 | 1.307 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 18,300 | 0.0163 | 0.0046 | 1.176 | 1.075 | 1.287 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 13,600 | 0.0293 | 0.0058 | 1.340 | 1.196 | 1.501 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 1,700 | 0.0492 | 0.0170 | 1.636 | 1.173 | 2.281 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 1,700 | 0.0399 | 0.0170 | 1.491 | 1.068 | 2.081 |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 105,900 | 0.0073 | 0.0019 | 1.076 | 1.037 | 1.118 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 43,100 | 0.0067 | 0.0029 | 1.069 | 1.011 | 1.131 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 45,900 | 0.0083 | 0.0029 | 1.087 | 1.026 | 1.151 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 35,400 | 0.0059 | 0.0037 | 1.061 | 0.988 | 1.140 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 4,800 | 0.0250 | 0.0102 | 1.284 | 1.051 | 1.568 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 4,800 | 0.0220 | 0.0102 | 1.246 | 1.020 | 1.523 |
| COPD | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 61,400 | 0.0057 | 0.0024 | 1.059 | 1.010 | 1.111 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 25,800 | 0.0025 | 0.0036 | 1.025 | 0.956 | 1.099 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 26,300 | 0.0101 | 0.0038 | 1.106 | 1.027 | 1.191 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 19,300 | 0.0048 | 0.0049 | 1.050 | 0.954 | 1.155 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 2,800 | 0.0388 | 0.0133 | 1.473 | 1.135 | 1.912 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 2,800 | 0.0355 | 0.0133 | 1.426 | 1.098 | 1.852 |
| Pneumonia | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 25,600 | 0.0178 | 0.0038 | 1.195 | 1.110 | 1.287 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 11,500 | 0.0182 | 0.0053 | 1.200 | 1.082 | 1.331 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 10,900 | 0.0200 | 0.0059 | 1.221 | 1.087 | 1.371 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 7,600 | 0.0082 | 0.0080 | 1.085 | 0.927 | 1.271 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 900 | –0.0012 | 0.0231 | 0.988 | 0.629 | 1.553 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 900 | –0.0029 | 0.0231 | 0.972 | 0.618 | 1.528 |
| Lung cancer | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 129,200 | –0.0011 | 0.0017 | 0.989 | 0.957 | 1.022 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 54,700 | –0.0035 | 0.0025 | 0.966 | 0.920 | 1.013 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 54,800 | –0.0002 | 0.0026 | 0.998 | 0.948 | 1.051 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 41,800 | 0.0050 | 0.0033 | 1.051 | 0.986 | 1.121 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 5,400 | 0.0017 | 0.0095 | 1.017 | 0.845 | 1.224 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 5,400 | –0.0024 | 0.0094 | 0.977 | 0.812 | 1.175 |
| Kidney failure | ||||||
| Stacked CanCHEC | 15,000 | –0.0034 | 0.0050 | 0.966 | 0.876 | 1.067 |
| 1991 CanCHEC | 6,200 | 0.0021 | 0.0074 | 1.021 | 0.883 | 1.181 |
| 1996 CanCHEC | 6,600 | –0.0044 | 0.0077 | 0.957 | 0.824 | 1.112 |
| 2001 CanCHEC | 4,800 | 0.0087 | 0.0099 | 1.091 | 0.899 | 1.324 |
| mCCHS without behaviord | 600 | –0.0189 | 0.0290 | 0.828 | 0.470 | 1.461 |
| mCCHS with behaviord | 600 | –0.0256 | 0.0290 | 0.774 | 0.439 | 1.368 |
a Fully adjusted models are stratified by sex, age (5-year categories), and recent immigrant status and are adjusted for income adequacy quintile, visible minority status, Indigenous identity, educational attainment, labor-force status, marital status, occupation, and ecological covariates of community size, airshed, urban form, and four dimensions of Can-Marg (instability, deprivation, dependency, and ethnic concentration). Stacked CanCHEC analyses were also stratified by the CanCHEC cohort, and mCCHS analyses were also stratified by the CCHS cycle.
b Deaths were rounded to the nearest 100 for confidentiality.
c HRs are presented as per 10-μg/m3 increase.
d Behavioral covariates include additional adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, BMI, and exercise behavior.