Table 9.

Cox Proportional HRs of all Causes of Mortality in Fully Adjusted Models in the Stacked CanCHEC, Using Both PM_2.5 and O₃ Jointly in the Same Model^a,b

Cause of Death	Deathsc (n)	Pollutant	Coeff	SE	HRd	95% CI
Nonaccidental	1,253,300	PM2.5	0.0038	0.0006	1.039	1.027	1.051
		O3	0.0036	0.0002	1.036	1.032	1.041
Cardiovascular	390,600	PM2.5	0.0047	0.0011	1.048	1.027	1.070
		O3	0.0088	0.0004	1.092	1.084	1.997
Cerebrovascular	72,900	PM2.5	–0.0010	0.0025	0.990	0.944	1.039
		O3	0.0093	0.0009	1.098	1.079	1.117
Heart failure	20,500	PM2.5	0.0267	0.0047	1.306	1.192	1.431
		O3	–0.0199	0.0017	0.820	0.793	0.847
Diabetes	41,100	PM2.5	–0.0038	0.0034	0.962	0.901	1.028
		O3	0.0205	0.0012	1.228	1.199	1.257
Ischemic heart disease	215,700	PM2.5	0.0051	0.0014	1.053	1.024	1.082
		O3	0.0127	0.0005	1.135	1.124	1.147
Lung cancer	129,200	PM2.5	0.0084	0.0019	1.088	1.049	1.128
		O3	–0.0079	0.0007	0.924	0.912	0.936
Respiratory	105,900	PM2.5	0.0027	0.0021	1.027	0.985	1.070
		O3	0.0039	0.0007	1.040	1.025	1.055
COPD	61,400	PM2.5	–0.0021	0.0027	0.979	0.929	1.032
		O3	0.0066	0.0010	1.068	1.048	1.088
Pneumonia	25,600	PM2.5	0.0142	0.0041	1.152	1.063	1.250
		O3	0.0032	0.0015	1.032	1.002	1.063
Kidney Failure	15,000	PM2.5	0.0065	0.0056	1.067	0.957	1.190
		O3	–0.0082	0.0020	0.921	0.886	0.958

^a HRs are given for each pollutant in two-pollutant models. HRs scaled to IQRs are provided in Appendix Table D.2; available on the HEI website.

^b Fully adjusted models are stratified by sex, age (5-year categories), and recent immigrant status and are adjusted for income adequacy quintile, visible minority status, Indigenous identity, educational attainment, labor-force status, marital status, occupation, and ecological covariates of community size, airshed, urban form, and four dimensions of Can-Marg (instability, deprivation, dependency, and ethnic concentration).

^c Deaths were rounded to the nearest 100 for confidentiality.

^d HRs are presented as per 10-μg/m³ increase.