Table 11.

Cox Proportional HRs of All Causes of Mortality in Fully Adjusted Models in the Stacked CanCHEC With Both PM_2.5 and O_x Together in the Same Model^a,b

Cause of Death	Deathsc (n)	Pollutant	Coeff	SE	HRd	95% CI
Nonaccidental	1,253,300	PM2.5	0.0022	0.0006	1.022	1.010	1.035
		Ox	0.0053	0.0003	1.054	1.048	1.060
Cardiovascular	390,600	PM2.5	0.0024	0.0011	1.024	1.002	1.047
		Ox	0.0116	0.0005	1.123	1.112	1.135
Cerebrovascular	72,900	PM2.5	–0.0014	0.0026	0.986	0.937	1.037
		Ox	0.0105	0.0012	1.110	1.084	1.138
Heart failure	20,500	PM2.5	0.0358	0.0049	1.431	1.299	1.575
		Ox	–0.0296	0.0023	0.744	0.711	0.779
Diabetes	41,100	PM2.5	–0.0115	0.0036	0.891	0.831	0.956
		Ox	0.0287	0.0017	1.333	1.290	1.377
Ischemic heart disease	215,700	PM2.5	0.0011	0.0015	1.011	0.982	1.040
		Ox	0.0175	0.0007	1.191	1.175	1.208
Lung cancer	129,200	PM2.5	0.0090	0.0020	1.095	1.053	1.138
		Ox	–0.0090	0.0009	0.914	0.897	0.930
Respiratory	105,900	PM2.5	0.0010	0.0022	1.010	0.967	1.055
		Ox	0.0056	0.0010	1.058	1.037	1.079
COPD	61,400	PM2.5	–0.0061	0.0029	0.941	0.889	0.995
		Ox	0.0106	0.0013	1.112	1.083	1.141
Pneumonia	25,600	PM2.5	0.0175	0.0044	1.191	1.094	1.298
		Ox	0.0003	0.0021	1.003	0.963	1.045
Kidney failure	15,000	PM2.5	0.0124	0.0059	1.132	1.008	1.271
		Ox	–0.0139	0.0027	0.870	0.825	0.918

^a HRs are given for each pollutant in two-pollutant models. HRs scaled to IQRs are provided in Appendix Table D.4; available on the HEI website.

^b Fully adjusted models are stratified by sex, age (5-year categories), and recent immigrant status and are adjusted for income adequacy quintile, visible minority status, Indigenous identity, educational attainment, labor-force status, marital status, occupation, and ecological covariates of community size, airshed, urban form, and four dimensions of Can-Marg (instability, deprivation, dependency, and ethnic concentration).

^b Deaths were rounded to the nearest 100 for confidentiality.

^c HRs are presented as per 10-μg/m³ increase.