Table 14.
Cox Proportional HRs of Mortality in Fully Adjusted Models in the Stacked CanCHEC for all Causes of Death, for PM2.5 Within Tertiles of O3a
| Cause of Death/Tertile of Ox | Deathsb (n) | Coeff | SE | HRc | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonaccidental | ||||||
| Lowest | 422,400 | –0.0111 | 0.0012 | 0.895 | 0.874 | 0.917 |
| Middle | 402,300 | 0.0006 | 0.0011 | 1.006 | 0.985 | 1.027 |
| Highest | 428,600 | 0.0082 | 0.0010 | 1.086 | 1.064 | 1.108 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| Lowest | 132,200 | –0.0097 | 0.0021 | 0.908 | 0.871 | 0.946 |
| Middle | 122,700 | –0.0042 | 0.0019 | 0.959 | 0.924 | 0.995 |
| Highest | 135,800 | 0.0145 | 0.0018 | 1.156 | 1.116 | 1.196 |
| Cerebrovascular | ||||||
| Lowest | 25,600 | –0.0271 | 0.0049 | 0.763 | 0.693 | 0.839 |
| Middle | 21,900 | –0.0087 | 0.0045 | 0.917 | 0.839 | 1.001 |
| Highest | 25,300 | 0.0154 | 0.0041 | 1.167 | 1.076 | 1.265 |
| Heart failure | ||||||
| Lowest | 7,800 | –0.0114 | 0.0087 | 0.892 | 0.751 | 1.058 |
| Middle | 6,800 | 0.0494 | 0.0081 | 1.639 | 1.399 | 1.921 |
| Highest | 5,900 | 0.0128 | 0.0087 | 1.137 | 0.958 | 1.349 |
| Ischemic heart disease | ||||||
| Lowest | 69,600 | –0.0024 | 0.0029 | 0.976 | 0.922 | 1.033 |
| Middle | 68,200 | –0.0082 | 0.0025 | 0.922 | 0.877 | 0.969 |
| Highest | 77,800 | 0.0135 | 0.0023 | 1.144 | 1.094 | 1.197 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Lowest | 14,800 | –0.0237 | 0.0067 | 0.789 | 0.691 | 0.900 |
| Middle | 11,800 | –0.0338 | 0.0064 | 0.713 | 0.629 | 0.808 |
| Highest | 14,500 | 0.0094 | 0.0055 | 1.098 | 0.986 | 1.223 |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Lowest | 36,800 | –0.0007 | 0.0042 | 0.993 | 0.914 | 1.078 |
| Middle | 34,800 | 0.0040 | 0.0038 | 1.040 | 0.966 | 1.120 |
| Highest | 34,200 | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | 1.002 | 0.932 | 1.076 |
| COPD | ||||||
| Lowest | 21,700 | 0.0008 | 0.0053 | 1.008 | 0.908 | 1.118 |
| Middle | 20,500 | –0.0021 | 0.0048 | 0.980 | 0.892 | 1.075 |
| Highest | 19,200 | –0.0075 | 0.0047 | 0.927 | 0.845 | 1.017 |
| Pneumonia | ||||||
| Lowest | 8,900 | –0.0071 | 0.0082 | 0.932 | 0.793 | 1.095 |
| Middle | 8,000 | 0.0171 | 0.0074 | 1.187 | 1.028 | 1.371 |
| Highest | 8,600 | 0.0301 | 0.0072 | 1.352 | 1.173 | 1.558 |
| Lung cancer | ||||||
| Lowest | 44,000 | 0.0012 | 0.0037 | 1.012 | 0.941 | 1.089 |
| Middle | 43,900 | 0.0209 | 0.0033 | 1.232 | 1.156 | 1.314 |
| Highest | 41,200 | –0.0003 | 0.0033 | 0.997 | 0.935 | 1.063 |
| Kidney failure | ||||||
| Lowest | 5,300 | –0.0141 | 0.0111 | 0.869 | 0.699 | 1.079 |
| Middle | 4,700 | 0.0199 | 0.0101 | 1.221 | 1.002 | 1.487 |
| Highest | 5,000 | –0.0025 | 0.0096 | 0.976 | 0.809 | 1.177 |
a Fully adjusted models are stratified by sex, age (5-year categories), and recent immigrant status and are adjusted for income adequacy quintile, visible minority status, Indigenous identity, educational attainment, labor-force status, marital status, occupation, and ecological covariates of community size, airshed, urban form, and four dimensions of Can-Marg (instability, deprivation, dependency, and ethnic concentration).
b Deaths were rounded to the nearest 100 for confidentiality.
c HRs are presented as per 10-μg/m3 increase.