Commentary Table.

Analytic Approaches in the MAPLE Study

	Phase 1	Phase 2
Use of CanCHEC Cohorts for Overall Analysis	Cohort-specific analyses and meta-analyses	Cohort-specific and pooled cohort analyses with duplicates removed (see Commentary Figure 1)
Linking CanCHEC and CCHS Participants to Death Records	Probabilistic and deterministic linkage	Deterministic only linkage
PM2.5 Exposure Modeling	Developed a high-resolution exposure model using single daily satellite observations	Improved the model with multiple daily satellite observations and colocated ground measurements
PM2.5 Exposure Windows and Lag Time	1-, 3-, and 8-year moving average with a 1-year lag	10-year moving average with a 1-year lag based on analysis showing larger effect estimates for longer moving averages
PM2.5 Exposure Assignment for Person-Years with Missing Postal Codes	Imputed as the national population-weighted average exposure	Imputed based on the population-weighted average exposure from nearby postal codes
Covariate Adjustment	Directed Acyclic Graph informed (group-level covariates only), fully adjusted (included group- and individual-level covariates), and indirectly adjusted for health behaviors	Fully adjusted only
Evaluation of the Concentration-Response Shape	RCS, SCHIF	RCS, extended SCHIF, and threshold
Copollutant Analysis	Linear HR models adjusted for NO2, O3, and Ox	Linear HR models adjusted for O3 and Ox, stratified by O3 and Ox tertiles and nonlinear model adjustment for linear O3and Ox
Additional Sensitivity Analyses	With and without immigrants included	Exclusion of person-years with PM2.5exposure >U.S. and Canadian air quality standards, and mortality risk by regional airshed

O_x = gaseous pollutant oxidant capacity.