TABLE 1.
Resting and exercise cardiopulmonary haemodynamic parameters in healthy subjects in the supine and upright position
| Condition | Parameter (unit) | k | Estimate |
| Supine | |||
| Rest | mPAP (mmHg) | 8 | 13.5±2.0¶ |
| Rest | PAWP (mmHg) | 6 | 8.6±0.6¶ |
| Rest | PVR (WU) | 6 | 1.0±0.2#,+ |
| Rest | CO (L·min−1) | 8 | 5.6±0.5¶ |
| Rest | CI (L·min−1·m−2) | 8 | 2.9±0.2¶ |
| Rest | RAP (mmHg) | 5 | 6.1±1.5 |
| Rest | HR (bpm) | 8 | 63±3¶ |
| Rest | dSAP (mmHg) | 5 | 74±6¶ |
| Rest | sSAP (mmHg) | 5 | 129±10#,¶ |
| Rest | TPR (WU) | 8 | 2.4±0.5¶ |
| Exercise | mPAP (mmHg) | 8 | 29.2±5.3# |
| Exercise | PAWP (mmHg) | 6 | 17.8±3.7# |
| Exercise | PVR (WU) | 6 | 0.8±0.2 |
| Exercise | CO (L·min−1) | 8 | 16.0±2.0# |
| Exercise | CI (L·min−1·m−2) | 8 | 8.4±1.0# |
| Exercise | RAP (mmHg) | 4 | 8.6±2.0# |
| Exercise | HR (bpm) | 8 | 131±13 |
| Exercise | dSAP (mmHg) | 5 | 88±5 |
| Exercise | sSAP (mmHg) | 5 | 178±13# |
| Exercise | TPR (WU) | 8 | 1.8±0.5# |
| mPAP/CO slope (WU) | 8 | 1.5±0.6# | |
| PAWP/CO slope (WU) | 6 | 0.9±0.5# | |
| TPG/CO slope (WU) | 6 | 0.8±0.2 | |
| Upright | |||
| Rest | mPAP (mmHg) | 4 | 17.3±0.6¶ |
| Rest | PAWP (mmHg) | 4 | 10.5±1.7#,¶ |
| Rest | PVR (WU) | 4 | 1.4±0.2 |
| Rest | CO (L·min−1) | 4 | 4.7±0.3¶ |
| Rest | CI (L·min−1·m−2) | 4 | 2.6±0.2¶ |
| Rest | RAP (mmHg) | 4 | 6.0±0.9 |
| Rest | HR (bpm) | 4 | 68±10¶ |
| Rest | dSAP (mmHg) | 3 | 80±2 |
| Rest | sSAP (mmHg) | 3 | 129±1¶ |
| Rest | TPR (WU) | 4 | 3.6±0.3¶ |
| Exercise | mPAP (mmHg) | 8 | 27.6±4.3 |
| Exercise | PAWP (mmHg) | 7 | 16.5±3.4 |
| Exercise | PVR (WU) | 7 | 0.9±0.2 |
| Exercise | CO (L·min−1) | 8 | 14.7±3.6 |
| Exercise | CI (L·min−1·m−2) | 8 | 7.9±1.8 |
| Exercise | RAP (mmHg) | 7 | 8.4±2.0 |
| Exercise | HR (bpm) | 8 | 140±22# |
| Exercise | dSAP (mmHg) | 3 | 80±1 |
| Exercise | sSAP (mmHg) | 3 | 169±5 |
| Exercise | TPR (WU) | 8 | 2.0±0.5# |
| mPAP/CO slope (mmHg) | 4 | 1.3±0.2 | |
| PAWP/CO slope (mmHg) | 4 | 0.7±0.2# | |
| TPG/CO slope (mmHg) | 4 | 0.6±0.1 |
Data are presented as weighted mean±sd. Slopes were only calculated when rest and exercise measurements were performed in the same position; therefore, two studies were excluded for the calculation in the upright position (supine [20–25]; upright [26–30]). A more detailed description of all identified studies is provided in supplementary table S1a. mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; WU: Wood units; CO: cardiac output; CI: cardiac index; RAP: right atrial pressure; HR: heart rate; dSAP: diastolic systemic arterial pressure; sSAP: systolic systemic arterial pressure; TPR: total pulmonary resistance; TPG: trans-pulmonary gradient; ULN: upper limit of normal. #: significant influence of age (or age-dependency) (p<0.05); ¶: significant difference between rest and exercise conditions (p<0.05); +: ULN of PVR at rest in the supine position are 0.7±0.3 WU (ULN 1.3 WU) for ∼30-year-old subjects, 1.0±0.2 WU (ULN 1.3 WU) for ∼50-year-old subjects and 1.3±0.3 WU (ULN 1.8 WU) for ∼70-year-old subjects.