TABLE 3.

Overview of the identified studies for prognostic value and their main characteristics based on their underlying condition

Publication	Subjects (n)	Age (years) #	Sex (M:F)	Main inclusion criteria	End-point	Exercise parameters predicting events
Exercise dyspnoea
Ho et al. 2020 [31]	714	57±16	292:422	Exercise dyspnoea; LVEF ≥50%	All-cause mortality, HF-related hospitalisation	mPAP/CO slope >3 WU, elevated TPG/CO slope and PAWP/CO slope
Eisman et al. 2018 [32]	175	57±17	65:110	Exercise dyspnoea; LVEF >50%, PAWP <15 mmHg	HF-related hospitalisation, HF-related mortality, elevation of resting PAWP in follow-up RHC >15 mmHg	PAWP/CO slope >2 WU
Dorfs et al. 2014 [33]	355	61±11	120:235	Exercise dyspnoea and suspected HFpEF	All-cause mortality	Steep PAWP increase (>25.5 mmHg·W−1·kg−1)¶
Left heart disease
Dobarro et al. 2020 [34]	33	74±8	30:3	Moderate to severe aortic stenosis, <85 years	All-cause mortality, surgical aortic valve replacement, TAVI or planned intervention for AST	PaO2 at peak exercise
Huang et al. 2018 [35]	104	61±12	39:65	HFpEF (normal LVEF, no valvular heart disease)	All-cause mortality, HF-related hospitalisation	PVR >1 WU at peak exercise
Rieth et al. 2017 [36]	167	65±12	125:42	HFrEF (LVEF ≤45%)	All-cause mortality, LuTX and/or HTX, heart assist device	Change in CO <1.154 L·min−1 and change in sPAP <17.5 mmHg
Lewis et al. 2011 [12]	60	60±12	47:13	HFrEF (LVEF <40%, NYHA II–IV)	All-cause mortality	mPAP/W slope >median (0.25 mmHg·W−1), steep increase in mPAP followed by a plateau pattern
Griffin et al. 1991 [37]	49	63±11	39:10	Congestive HF (symptoms >1 year)	HF-related mortality	PAWP at rest and exercise, peak stroke work index
Szlachicic et al. 1985 [38]	27	56	27:0	Congestive HF (clinically stable)	All-cause mortality	Peak CI
Gohlke et al. 1983 [39]	1772	50±6	1595:177	Coronary artery disease and normal or mildly impaired left ventricular function	All-cause mortality	Peak CO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Faure et al. 2020 [40]	49	53±16	16:33	PAH	All-cause mortality	Change in HR and sPAP
Tang et al. 2018 [41]	140	33±11	39:101	IPAH	LuTX and/or HTX, HF-related mortality	Change in HR, peak work rate, PVR and CI
Hasler et al. 2016 [42]	70	65 (50–73)	27:43	PAH+CTEPH	All-cause mortality, LuTX and/or HTX	Maximal workload, peak and change in CI and mPAP/CO
Chaouat et al. 2014 [43]	55	54±16	25:30	IPAH, heritable or anorexigen-associated PAH	All-cause mortality, LuTX and/or HTX	Peak CI, change in sPAP, change in CI
Blumberg et al. 2013 [44]	36	54±15	15:21	PAH+CTEPH (NYHA II–III)	All-cause mortality, LuTX and/or HTX	mPAP/CO slope, peak CI¶
Systemic sclerosis
Stamm et al. 2016 [45]	72	Range: 42–74	10:62	SSc with exercise dyspnoea±reduced DLCO or FVC/DLCO >1.6	All-cause mortality, LuTX and/or HTX	Peak mPAP, mPAP increase, mPAP/W increase¶
COPD
Olsen et al. 1989 [46]	29	64±5	29:0	Lung resection due to airflow obstruction and lung mass	Postoperative death within 60 days or prolonged ventilation (>30 days)	Peak CI
Finlay et al. 1983  [47]	74	59	60:14	Clinically stable COPD, symptoms >3 years	All-cause mortality	Increase in mPAP+PVR during exercise

Exercise protocol was ergometry for all studies. M: male; F: female; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HF: heart failure; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; CO: cardiac output; TPG: trans-pulmonary pressure gradient; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; RHC: right heart catheterisation; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; W: Watts; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; AST: aortic stenosis; P_aO2: partial pressure of oxygen; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; LuTX: lung transplantation; HTX: heart transplantation; sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CI: cardiac index; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; IPAH: idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; CTEPH: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; SSc; systemic sclerosis; D_LCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FVC: forced vital capacity. ^#: data presented as mean±sd or mean (interquartile range), unless otherwise specified; ^¶: only exercise and not resting pulmonary haemodynamic parameters predicted the end-point.