Table 2.

Neurodevelopmental delay in each domain of the J-ASQ-3 among children, with or without epidural analgesia

Domain	Cut-off scores for each itema	Unexposed to epidural analgesia during labor (n = 41,234)		Exposed to epidural analgesia during labor (n = 938)
		n	(%)	n	(%)
Communication
6 months	22.93	231	(0.6)	10	(1.1)
12 months	4.53	42	(0.1)	2	(0.2)
18 months	5.82	831	(2.0)	29	(3.1)
24 months	14.33	1,474	(3.6)	50	(5.3)
30 months	26.01	1,844	(4.5)	49	(5.2)
36 months	29.95	1,498	(3.6)	50	(5.3)
Gross motor
6 months	15.12	4,091	(9.9)	112	(11.9)
12 months	9.43	2,156	(5.2)	59	(6.3)
18 months	37.59	1,702	(4.1)	61	(6.5)
24 months	39.13	2,174	(5.3)	72	(7.7)
30 months	38.36	1,574	(3.8)	46	(4.9)
36 months	39.26	1,636	(4.0)	42	(4.5)
Fine motor
6 months	16.24	2,021	(4.9)	49	(5.2)
12 months	25.47	2,187	(5.3)	54	(5.8)
18 months	26.76	1,663	(4.0)	61	(6.5)
24 months	33.48	782	(1.9)	25	(2.7)
30 months	21.03	2,275	(5.5)	65	(6.9)
36 months	27.91	2,910	(7.1)	77	(8.2)
Problem solving
6 months	26.27	4,281	(10.4)	123	(13.1)
12 months	15.37	2,039	(4.9)	55	(5.9)
18 months	15.93	1,601	(3.9)	48	(5.1)
24 months	29.38	1,585	(3.8)	55	(5.9)
30 months	25.78	2,177	(5.3)	65	(6.9)
36 months	30.03	2,851	(6.9)	85	(9.1)
Personal-social
6 months	22.53	1,424	(3.5)	32	(3.4)
12 months	20.93	447	(1.1)	17	(1.8)
18 months	34.87	943	(2.3)	33	(3.5)
24 months	34.30	1,017	(2.5)	46	(4.9)
30 months	39.95	1,275	(3.1)	44	(4.7)
36 months	40.27	1,219	(3.0)	37	(3.9)

^aCut-off scores for Japanese children [28] were used.

Abbreviations: J-ASQ-3, the Japanese translation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition.