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. 2022 Sep 29;16:1013328. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1013328

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Li, Wang, Gong, Lyu, Liu, Zhang, Guo, Liu, Tang, Hu, Liu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Study design and workflow. Overview patterns of blood sample collection from migraine without aura patients, including M group (migraine patients before acupuncture treatment) (n = 20), A group (migraine patients after acupuncture treatment) (n = 20), and H group (healthy controls) (n = 10). A total of 1,354 proteins and 2,828 metabolites were identified by proteomics and metabolomics. Differentially expressed biomarkers (DEPs and DEMs) are involved in pathways including a variety of immune responses and changes in energy metabolism. This may help us to understand the pathogenesis of migraine and the potential biological effects of acupuncture in the treatment of migraine. Furthermore, this may allow the identification of potential biomarker combinations for the classification of migraine without aura patients and healthy controls by using a machine learning strategy.