Table 3. Patterns of Limitations Among Individuals With Reduced Exercise Capacity More Than 3 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
| Source | Reduced exercise capacity, No. (%) | Pattern of limitationsa | Other mechanisms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deconditioning | Peripheral | Cardiac | Ventilatory | Chronotropic incompetence | Dysfunctional breathing and/or ventilatory inefficacy | |||
| Abdallah et al,45 2021 | 41 (65) | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | Primary | NR | NR |
| Alba et al,42 2021 | 6 (33) | NA | Other identified | Other identified | Not identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Ambrosino et al,55 2022 | 28 (78) | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | NR | Other identified | Endothelial dysfunction |
| Aparisi et al,47 2021 | NR | NR | NA | NR | NR | NR | Primary | NA |
| Barbagelata et al,38 2022 | 39 (35) | NR | Other identified | Primary | Other identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Borrego Rodriguez et al,59 2021 | 32 (56) | Primary | Other identified | NA | Not identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Brown et al,44 2022 | 20 (50) | NR | Not identified | Primary | Not identified | NR | NR | Preload failure |
| Cassar et al,27 2021 | 6 (19) | Primary | Other identified | Not identified | Not identified | NR | NR | Symptom limitation (submaximal tests) |
| Clavario et al,68 2021 | 99 (50) | Other identified | Other identified | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | NR |
| de Boer et al,40 2022 | 16 (32) | NR | Primary | Other identified | Not identified | NR | NR | Altered metabolism |
| Debeaumont et al,30 2021 | 12 (52) | Other identified | NR | NR | Not identified | NR | Primary | NR |
| Dorelli et al,49 2021 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Primary | NR |
| Durstenfeld et al,26 2022 | 15 (38) | Other identified | NA | Other identified | Not identified | Primary | NR | NR |
| Evers et al,54 2022 | 11 (37) | NR | Primary | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Frésard et al,50 2022 | NR | NR | Other identified | NR | Primary (s) | NR | Primary (m) | NR |
| Godinho and Freeman,61 2021 | 5 (50) | Primary | Other identified | NR | Not identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Jahn et al,62 2021 | 19 (54) | Primary | NR | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Johnsen et al,63 2021 | 16 (52) | Primary | NR | NR | Other identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Kersten et al,53 2021 | 17 (55) | Other identified | NR | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | Pulmonary vascular |
| Ladlow et al,31 2022 | 4 (7) | Other identified (s) | Other identified (m) | NR | NR | NR | Other identified (m) | NR |
| Liu et al,52 2021 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Other identified | Pulmonary fibrosis |
| Mancini et al,43 2021 | 24 (59) | NR | Other identified | Other identified | Not identified | NR | Primary | Preload failure, pulmonary hypertension |
| Margalit et al,37 2022 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Primary | NR | NR |
| Mohr et al,41 2021 | 8 (80) | NR | Primary | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | Critical illness polyneuropathy |
| Motiejunaite et al,46 2021 | 86 (75) | Primary | NR | Not identified | Other identified | NR | Primary | “Lack of motivation” (submaximal tests) |
| Moulson et al,57 2022 | 3 (14) | NR | NR | Not identified | Primary | Other identified | NR | Exertional hypotension |
| Parkes et al,64 2021 | 10 (83) | Primary | NR | NR | Other identified | NR | Primary | Pulmonary vascular |
| Pleguezuelos et al,56 2021 | NR | NR | Primary | NR | NA | NR | NR | Mechanical inefficiency |
| Ribeiro Baptista et al,36 2022 | 37 (35) | Primary | NR | Not identified | Other identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Rinaldo et al,35,65 2021 | 41 (55) | Primary | Other identified | NR | Not identified | NR | NR | NR |
| Singh et al,39 2022 | NR | NR | Primary | Not identified | NR | NR | Primary | NR |
| Skjørten et al,33 2021 | 49 (31) | Primary | NR | Other identified | Other identified | NR | Other identified | NR |
| Szekely et al,29 2021 | 49 (69) | NA | Not identified | Other identified | Not identified | Primary | NR | Insufficient stroke volume increase |
| Vannini et al,66 2021 | 19 (46) | Not identified | Not identified | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | NR |
| von Gruenewaldt et al,51 2022 | 2 (20) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Primary | NR |
| Vonbank et al,34 2021 | NR | NR | Other identified | Other identified | Other identified | NR | NR | NR |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable; NR, not reported.
a
Designation (s) indicates a pattern noted among patients with severe acute illness; (m), a pattern noted among nonhospitalized patients with acute COVID-19.