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. 2022 Sep 29;13:1023083. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023083

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Copyright © 2022 Hemmingsen, Panchai, Julin, Basnet, Nystad, Johannessen and Škalko-Basnet.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evaluation of cell toxicity of chitosan-containing liposomes and chitosan-coated liposomes in HaCaT, NHDF-neo cells, and RAW 264.7. Three different concentrations were tested, namely 1, 10, and 50 μg/ml lipid, and the results are presented as cell viability of treated cells compared to control (100%). Control cells were only supplemented with complete medium; the cell viability is thereof considered as 100%. The results are expressed as means with their respective SD (n = 3). PL, plain, empty lipid carrier; PL-CHX, plain CHX-lipid carrier; CH, chitosan-containing empty liposomes; CH-CHX, chitosan-containing CHX-liposomes; CO, chitosan-coated empty liposomes; and CO-CHX, chitosan-coated CHX-liposomes. **p ≤ 0.01, ****p ≤ 0.0001.