Table 1 Clinical indicators of frailty and sarcopenia in vascular surgery.
| Category | Subcategory | Indicator | Criteria, contents, and concept | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty | Aging | Age | Elderly cohorts (>70 or 75 years old, depending on each study) | 32), 35), 37) |
| Sex | Female | N/A | 37), 60) | |
| Comorbidity | Cerebrovascular disease | History of major stroke | 12), 32), 35), 37) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | >Class IIIa or >Class IIIb or dialysis dependency | 35), 37) | ||
| Cognitive impairment: MoCA | 30-point assessment to detect cognitive impairment | 24) | ||
| RAI | Frailty screening tool based on the accumulated deficit model | 31) | ||
| ADL | Katz score (index) | Independence in feeding, bathing, dressing, transferring, toileting, and urinary continence | 36) | |
| Barthel Index | 10-item scale that assesses a patient’s ability to feed, groom, use the toilet, dress, walk, transfer, and climb stairs, as well as fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence | 61), 62) | ||
| Functional status | Dependent or independent in daily living, ambulatory or non-ambulatory | 12), 25), 37), 50), 55), 57), 58), 64), 65) | ||
| Functional impairment score | Residents’ need for assistance with self-care activities, walking, and locomotion | 59) | ||
| Comprehensive | Modified Frailty Index | 11-point from the CSFA frailty index | 23), 26), 45), 47), 60), 63), 67), 68) | |
| CFS | CFS classifies frailty using a 9-point scale, with frail patients being defined as those assigned a CFS score ≥5 | 28), 66) | ||
| GFI | 16 items in the domains of functioning | 9), 30) | ||
| AVFS | Six variables: emergency admission, dependent mobility, polypharmacy, history of multiple falls, anemia on admission, nutrition score | 11), 46) | ||
| Physical status | Weight loss | N/A | 27) | |
| BMI | <18.5 kg/m2 | 32), 35), 37), 61) | ||
| Slow gait speed | N/A | 27) | ||
| Nutrition | Anemia | Institutional criteria | 32), 35) | |
| Hypoalbuminemia | Institutional criteria | 32), 35), 61), 78) | ||
| GNRI | GNRI=14.89×albumin (g/dL)+41.7×(body weight/ideal body weight) | 65), 79) | ||
| Nutritional impairment | Malnutrition (PG-SGASF ≥4 points) | 12), 77) | ||
| Muscle strength | Hand grip strength | N/A | 27) | |
| Sarcopenia | Muscle volume | PMA, SMA, TPA (TPAI), TAMA, TSMA | Standardized psoas area or total psoas muscle area at the L3 or L4 level by CT measurements | 22), 32), 33), 34), 35), 36), 44), 48), 49), 51), 52), 53), 54), 56), 65), 69), 70), 72) |
| PLVI | Cross-sectional areas of the bilateral psoas muscles and vertebral body at the L4 level | 71) | ||
| Thoracic muscle mass | Measured on axial images at the Th12 level | 39) |
ADL: activity of daily living; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RAI: Risk Analysis Index; CFS: Clinical Frailty Scale; GFI: Groningen Frailty Index; AVFS: Addenbrookes Vascular Frailty Score; BMI: body mass index; GNRI: Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; PMA: psoas muscle area; SMA: skeletal muscle area; TPA: total psoas area; TPAI: Total Psoas Area Index; TAMA: total abdominal muscle area; TSMA: total skeletal muscle area; PLVI: Psoas Lumbar Vertebral Index; N/A: not applicable; CSFA: Clinical Frailty Scale algorithm; PG-SGA SF: Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form; CT: computed tomography; Th12: 12th thoracic vertebra level