Table 2 Potential management or treatment for frailty and sarcopenia.

Category	Subcategory	Potential management or treatment for frailty and sarcopenia	References
Exercise	Cardiac rehabilitation	Perioperative CR may improve postoperative physical mobility, functional capacity, fall prevention, and disability prevention.	73), 80), 81)
Nutrition	Nutrition management	Patients with vascular diseases have malnutrition or hypoalbuminemia, which results in poor postoperative clinical outcomes. Therefore, perioperative aggressive nutritional management is mandatory to improve clinical outcomes.	75), 76), 77), 78), 79), 80), 81)
	Amino acids	Supplementation with amino acids achieves a better body composition and physical activity in elderly patients with frailty or sarcopenia.	82)
Medication	Vitamin D	Vitamin D has the potential not only to prevent falls, but also to increase muscle strength.	84), 85)
	Carnitine	L-carnitine supplementation for frail patients alters their functional status and attenuates fatigue.	89)
Surgery	EVT	EVT by a minimally invasive approach prevents declines in postoperative ADL.	92)
	Hybrid approach	A hybrid approach by combined open surgery and EVT may be useful for high-risk cohorts complicated by vascular disease or with extended vascular disease.	90), 91), 92), 93)
Vascular team approach	Vascular team	Multidisciplinary care for chronic CLI involving vascular, plastic, and podiatric surgeons improved amputation-free survival. A vascular team approach has the potential to enhance quality of care, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce costs.	95), 96), 97)
	Vascular nursing	Vascular nursing may provide comprehensive and optimal care, and achieve better postoperative outcomes.	98)

EVT: endovascular therapy; CR: cardiac rehabilitation; ADL: activity of daily living; CLI: critical limb ischemia