TABLE 1—
Associations Between Disadvantage Indices and US COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality as of July 31, 2021
| Disadvantage Index | Incidence, b (95% CI) | Mortality, b (95% CI) |
| ADIa | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.20 (1.17, 1.22) |
| SVIb | 1.03 (1.03, 1.03) | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) |
| Socioeconomic status subindex | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) |
| Household characteristics and disability subindex | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) |
| Minority status and language subindex | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) |
| Housing type and transportation subindex | 1.02 (1.02, 1.02) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
| MH-SVIc | 1.03 (1.03, 1.03) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) |
| Socioeconomic status subindex | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) |
| Household characteristics and disability subindex | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) |
| Minority status and language subindex | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
| Housing type and transportation subindex | 1.02 (1.02, 1.02) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
| Health care infrastructure subindex | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
| Medical vulnerability subindex | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.08 (1.07, 1.09) |
| CCVId,e | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.09 (1.08, 1.11) |
| Socioeconomic status subindex | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) |
| Minority status and language subindex | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) |
| Housing type, transportation, household composition, and disability subindex | 1.03 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) |
| Epidemiological factors subindex | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) |
| Healthcare system factors subindex | 1.03 (1.02, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| High risk environments subindex | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) |
| Population density subindexe | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
Note. ADI = Area Deprivation Index; CCVI = COVID-19 Community Vulnerability Index; CI = confidence interval; MH-SVI = Minority Health–Social Vulnerability Index; SVI = Social Vulnerability Index. The regression coefficient was exponentiated from log-transformed data representing the percentage change in COVID-19 outcomes for a disadvantage index increase of 10 percentile ranks.
ADI includes 17 census/American Community Survey (ACS) measures. National rankings for US census block groups are provided as a percentile ranging from 1 to 100. In this analysis, ADI rankings were divided by 10 to aid in comparisons with the SVI, MH-SVI, and CCVI.
SVI includes 4 subindices composed of 15 ACS measures. The overall SVI and each subindex are percentile ranks ranging from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater social vulnerability/disadvantage. Each index was multiplied by 10 to aid in comparisons with the ADI, MH-SVI, and CCVI.
MH-SVI is an extension of the SVI and incorporates 4 indices included in the SVI and 2 additional indices composed of 33 ACS measures. Similar to the SVI, the overall MH-SVI and each subindex are percentile ranks ranging from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater social vulnerability/disadvantage. Each index was multiplied by 10 to aid in comparisons with the ADI, SVI, and CCVI.
CCVI includes 7 subindices composed of 40 measures derived from the ACS; the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; the National Cancer Institute; the National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention; the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; the Bureau of Labor Statistics; and other government and nonprofit organizations. The overall CCVI and each subindex are percentile ranks ranging from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater social vulnerability/disadvantage. Each index was multiplied by 10 to aid in comparisons with the ADI, MH-SVI, and SVI.
Models incorporating the overall CCVI and the CCVI population density subindex did not include additional covariates to avoid multicollinearity.