Table 4.
COVID-19 stigma scale scores for each factor according to each characteristic subgroup.
| n | Avoidance | Personal responsibility | Severity | Policy opposition | Awkwardness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 129 | 1.50 (1.00, 2.60) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.50) | 2.40 (1.60, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| Female | 128 | 1.65 (1.10, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.75, 3.75) | 2.80 (2.00, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| p-value | 0.465 | 0.086 | 0.006* | 0.846 | 0.408 | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 20–39 | 43 | 1.80 (1.15, 2.65) | 3.50 (2.62, 3.75) | 2.80 (2.00, 3.00) | 2.67 (2.33, 3.17) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| 40–49 | 48 | 1.40 (1.00, 2.22) | 3.12 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.80 (1.60, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (1.00, 3.00) |
| 50–59 | 76 | 1.50 (1.00, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.75, 3.75) | 2.70 (1.80, 3.05) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| 60–69 | 51 | 1.50 (1.15, 2.10) | 3.00 (2.50, 3.50) | 2.40 (2.00, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.50, 2.83) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| 70–85 | 39 | 2.10 (1.35, 3.00) | 3.25 (2.38, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.70, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.50, 3.00) | 3.00 (3.00, 4.00) |
| p-value | 0.064 | 0.282 | 0.974 | 0.041* | 0.007* | |
| Annual household income | ||||||
| ≤ 6 million yen | 135 | 1.50 (1.10, 2.30) | 3.00 (2.50, 3.50) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.50, 3.00) |
| > 6 million yen | 109 | 1.60 (1.00, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.25, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (1.00, 3.50) |
| p-value | 0.750 | 0.573 | 0.584 | 0.470 | 0.098 | |
| Individual income | ||||||
| ≤ 3 million yen | 131 | 1.50 (1.10, 2.60) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.80 (2.00, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| > 3 million yen | 121 | 1.70 (1.10, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.40 (1.60, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| p-value | 0.718 | 0.894 | 0.110 | 0.395 | 0.779 | |
| Education | ||||||
| High school graduate or earlier | 50 | 1.40 (1.10, 2.10) | 3.25 (2.56, 3.50) | 2.50 (1.80, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.62, 3.38) |
| Junior college/technical school graduate | 72 | 2.00 (1.10, 2.75) | 3.25 (2.75, 3.81) | 2.80 (2.00, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| University/graduate school graduate | 134 | 1.70 (1.00, 2.68) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.85, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.38) |
| p-value | 0.199 | 0.240 | 0.375 | 0.859 | 0.467 | |
| Job rank | ||||||
| Manager | 22 | 1.20 (1.00, 1.65) | 2.75 (2.25, 3.50) | 1.80 (1.20, 2.60) | 2.33 (1.33, 3.50) | 2.25 (1.00, 3.00) |
| Permanent employee | 82 | 1.70 (1.02, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.75, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| Public officers | 15 | 1.50 (1.20, 2.05) | 3.50 (3.00, 3.75) | 2.40 (1.90, 2.90) | 2.33 (1.83, 3.00) | 3.00 (1.50, 3.00) |
| Contractor/temporary | 20 | 1.90 (1.28, 3.40) | 3.12 (2.25, 4.00) | 2.80 (1.95, 3.20) | 2.50 (1.33, 3.00) | 3.25 (2.75, 4.00) |
| Part-time | 41 | 1.60 (1.20, 2.30) | 3.25 (2.75, 3.75) | 2.80 (2.00, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.33, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| Homemaker | 24 | 2.05 (1.00, 2.82) | 3.25 (2.75, 3.75) | 2.70 (2.20, 3.05) | 2.33 (1.92, 2.75) | 3.00 (1.75, 3.00) |
| Retired | 18 | 1.75 (1.05, 2.90) | 2.88 (1.69, 3.50) | 2.60 (1.70, 3.20) | 2.17 (1.08, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.62, 4.00) |
| Students | 4 | 1.95 (1.25, 2.65) | 3.50 (3.06, 3.50) | 2.80 (2.40, 3.15) | 3.00 (2.83, 3.25) | 3.00 (2.75, 3.12) |
| p-value | 0.513 | 0.442 | 0.136 | 0.626 | 0.056 | |
| COVID-19 in someone close (family, colleague, schoolmate) | ||||||
| No | 234 | 1.70 (1.10, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| Yes | 23 | 1.40 (1.05, 2.05) | 3.25 (2.12, 3.62) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.20) | 2.67 (2.33, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| p-value | 0.287 | 0.610 | 0.834 | 0.049* | 0.288 | |
| People who had COVID-19 lack morals | ||||||
| No | 214 | 1.60 (1.00, 2.60) | 3.25 (2.31, 3.50) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| Yes | 43 | 1.70 (1.20, 3.00) | 3.50 (2.88, 4.00) | 2.80 (1.90, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) |
| p-value | 0.106 | 0.007* | 0.433 | 0.993 | 0.155 | |
| People who had COVID-19 lack common sense | ||||||
| No | 231 | 1.60 (1.10, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.10) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.25) |
| Yes | 26 | 1.55 (1.12, 2.58) | 3.50 (3.06, 4.00) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.00) | 2.00 (1.67, 2.67) | 3.00 (2.62, 3.50) |
| p-value | 0.945 | 0.034* | 0.714 | 0.184 | 0.366 | |
| Do you understand risky behaviors that are likely to lead to the transmission or spread of COVID-19? | ||||||
| No | 41 | 1.60 (1.10, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.50, 4.00) | 2.80 (1.80, 3.00) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.50, 4.00) |
| Yes | 216 | 1.60 (1.00, 2.62) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.00) |
| p-value | 0.586 | 0.206 | 0.682 | 0.902 | 0.028* | |
| Are you taking action to prevent the transmission and spread of COVID-19 every day? | ||||||
| No | 23 | 1.80 (1.00, 2.55) | 3.50 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.60 (2.20, 2.80) | 2.33 (1.83, 3.17) | 3.00 (1.50, 3.00) |
| Yes | 234 | 1.60 (1.10, 2.68) | 3.25 (2.50, 3.75) | 2.60 (1.80, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| p-value | 0.742 | 0.256 | 0.644 | 0.392 | 0.302 | |
| Do you feel anxiety associated with the transmission or spread of COVID-19? | ||||||
| No | 37 | 1.10 (1.00, 1.50) | 2.50 (1.75, 3.50) | 1.80 (1.40, 2.20) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 2.50 (1.00, 3.00) |
| Yes | 220 | 1.80 (1.10, 2.70) | 3.25 (2.75, 3.75) | 2.80 (2.00, 3.20) | 2.33 (1.67, 3.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 3.50) |
| p-value | <0.001* | 0.005* | <0.001* | 0.001* | 0.030* |
The values indicate the median (interquartile range). COVID-19; coronavirus disease.
*These p-values were below the cut-off of 0.05.