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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 13.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2020 May 27;64(12):e2000031. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202000031

Table 2 –

Total urinary excretion of phenolic metabolites for 48h after gavage.a

Total Urinary Excretion (nmol) Qualitative Tmax b Cmax (nmol excreted)
Control Low Medium High Control Low Medium High Control Low Medium High
Anthocyanins
 Cyanidin
  Galactoside nd 0.19 ± 0.04 w 0.41 ± 0.08 x 0.68 ± 0.08 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.19 ± 0.04 0.46 ± 0.09
  Glucoside nd 0.17 ± 0.03 w 0.31 ± 0.08 x 0.41 ± 0.04 y - np 0–24h 0–12h - np 0.11 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.04
  Glucuronide nd nd 0.05 ± 0.02 w 0.13 ± 0.05 x - - 0–12h 0–12h - - 0.02 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.04
  Total Cyanidins - 0.36 0.77 1.22
 Delphinidin
  Galactoside nd 0.76 ± 0.06 w 2.08 ± 0.21 x 2.81 ± 0.23 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.98 ± 0.20 1.74 ± 0.22
  Glucoside nd 0.79 ± 0.07 w 1.94 ± 0.19 x 2.00 ± 0.29 x - np 0–24h 0–24h - np 0.81 ± 0.14 0.94 ± 0.22
  Glucuronide nd 4.21 ± 0.92 w 12.7 ± 2.18 x 31.4 ± 1.33 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 6.35 ± 1.60 20.8 ± 5.1
  Sulfate nd 31.8 ± 5.83 w 46.9 ± 6.01 x 54.4 ± 4.23 x - np 0–24h 0–24h - np 18.2 ± 2.4 20.2 ± 2.4
  Total Delphinidins - 37.5 63.6 90.6
 Malvidin
  Galactoside nd 4.75 ± 0.44 w 13.5 ± 2.51 x 22.7 ± 1.30 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 7.36 ± 2.00 14.2 ± 1.3
  Glucoside nd 6.06 ± 0.66 w 14.3 ± 0.88 x 19.7 ± 1.02 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 6.57 ± 0.57 10.7 ± 0.9
  Total Malvidins - 10.8 27.8 42.4
 Peonidin
  Galactoside nd 0.03 ± 0.01 w 0.08 ± 0.01 x 0.14 ± 0.02 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.04 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02
  Glucoside nd 0.05 ± 0.01 w 0.08 ± 0.02 x 0.14 ± 0.02 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.03 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02
  Glucuronide nd 2.12 ± 0.83 w 3.01 ± 1.01 w,x 3.38 ± 1.27 x - np np np - np np np
  Sulfate nd 0.59 ± 0.17 0.64 ± 0.13 0.58 ± 0.08 - np np np - np np np
  Total Peonidins - 2.79 3.83 4.24
 Petunidin
  Galactoside nd 0.44 ± 0.09 w 1.05 ± 0.30 x 2.49 ± 0.32 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.49 ± 0.23 1.73 ± 0.38
  Glucoside nd 0.44 ± 0.08 w 0.90 ± 0.25 x 1.47 ± 0.17 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.37 ± 0.14 0.94 ± 0.19
  Glucuronide nd 0.69 ± 0.25 w 1.81 ± 0.47 x 5.63 ± 0.56 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.92 ± 0.24 3.49 ± 0.46
  Sulfate nd 0.32 ± 0.09 w 0.43 ± 0.08 x 0.44 ± 0.09 w,x - np 12–24h 12–24h - np 0.16 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02
  Total Petunidins - 1.89 4.19 10.0
 Total Anthocyanins - 53.3 100.2 148.5
Phenolic Acids
 Benzaldehydes (BALD)
  4-OH-BALD nd nd trace trace - - - - - - - -
  3-OH-4-OMe-BALD nd nd trace trace - - - - - - - -
  Total BALD - - - -
 Benzoic Acids (BzA)
  Gallic acid nd nd trace trace - - - - - - - -
  3-OH-4-OMe-BzA nd nd trace trace - - - - - - - -
  Syringic acid nd 1.90 ± 0.32 w 17.0 ± 2.89 x 48.2 ± 4.49 y - 0–12h 0–12h 0–12h - 1.03 ± 0.30 12.2 ± 3.0 35.1 ± 6.0
  BzA sulfate 11.2 ± 1.72 w,x 7.96 ± 1.20 y 12.6 ± 1.75 x 9.62 ± 1.40 w,y np np np np np np np np
  BzA glucuronide 1.45 ± 0.30 w 1.14 ± 0.16 x 2.25 ± 0.21 y 1.95 ± 0.31 y np np 12–24h 12–24h np np 0.85 ± 0.17 0.76 ± 0.17
  Total BzA 12.7 11.0 31.9 59.8
 Phenyl Acetic Acids (PAA)
  4-OH-PAA 3.08 ± 0.81 w 0.95 ± 0.20 x 1.87 ± 0.52 y 1.22 ± 0.23 x np 0–24h 0–24h 0–24h np 0.30 ± 0.12 0.84 ± 0.38 0.51 ± 0.16
  3-OMe-PAA nd nd nd trace - - - - - - - -
  3-OH-4-OMe-PAA nd 33.3 ± 8.61 w 34.4 ± 6.10 w 28.6 ± 3.82 w - np np np - np np np
  Total PAA 3.08 34.3 36.3 29.8
 Phenyl Propionic Acids (PPA)
  3-OH-PPA nd 57.2 ± 11.4 x 328 ± 49.6 y 579 ± 67.1 z - 0–12h 0–12h 12–24h np 25.4 ± 6.9 177 ± 24 275 ± 34
  3-OH-4-OMe-PPA nd 2.00 ± 1.01 w 4.77 ± 1.99 x 6.76 ± 5.20 x - 0–12h 12–24h 12–24h - 0.82 ± 0.58 2.69 ± 1.83 2.48 ± 2.69
  Total PPA nd 59.2 333 586
 trans-Cinnamic acids
  Caffeic acid nd 4.37 ± 0.99 w 8.78 ± 3.77 x 8.52 ± 1.73 x np np 0–12h 0–12h np np 3.18 ± 1.64 3.97 ± 1.38
  Caffeic acid sulfate 1.30 ± 0.03 w 9.55 ± 4.01 x 15.4 ± 6.56 x 18.1 ± 2.69 x np np 0–12h 0–12h np np 6.43 ± 4.57 9.74 ± 0.78
  Caffeic acid glucuronide 443 ± 28.4 w 402 ± 61.8 w 677 ± 97.7 x 897 ± 163 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 261 ± 50 379 ± 134
  Ferulic acid nd 5.76 ± 1.26 w 22.6 ± 4.34 x 38.8 ± 0.81 y np np 0–24h 0–24h np np 11.7 ± 3.0 29.5 ± 5.9
  Ferulic acid sulfate 4.01 ± 1.03 w 5.17 ± 1.70 w 15.2 ± 3.47 x 37.8 ± 13.7 y np np 0–12h 0–12h np np 7.41 ± 3.52 18.7 ± 14.9
  Ferulic acid glucuronide 469 ± 82.8 w 936 ± 147 x 3611 ± 450 y 4772 ± 674 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 2069 ± 354 2943 ± 302
  Chlorogenic acid nd 40.1 ± 10.4 w 256 ± 13.5 x 360 ± 61.1 y - np 0–24h 0–12h - np 66.1 ± 23.4 238 ± 67
  Total Cinnamic Acids 917 1403 4606 6122
 Total Phenolic Acids 935 1507 5007 6798
Hippuric Acids
 Hippuric acid 304 ± 70.2 w 706 ± 66.8 x 1611 ± 154 y 1528 ± 193 y np np 12–24h 12–24h np np 700 ± 78 598 ± 146
 3-OH-hippuric acid 3.94 ± 1.01 w 18.4 ± 3.14 x 64.2 ± 13.4 y 42.6 ± 9.1 z np np 12–24h 12–24h np np 31.8 ± 8.1 26.3 ± 7.6
 Total Hippuric Acids 308 724 1675 1571
Flavonols
 Myricetin nd trace trace trace - - - - - - - -
 Quercetin nd 11.5 ± 4.47 w 19.7 ± 7.26 x 26.9 ± 2.24 x - 0–12h 0–12h 0–12h - 3.88 ± 1.46 10.1 ± 7.4 11.5 ± 4.0
 Quercetin glucuronide nd 0.49 ± 0.07 w 1.48 ± 0.18 x 2.70 ± 0.19 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 0.72 ± 0.14 1.83 ± 0.28
 4-OMe-quercetin nd 0.60 ± 0.25 w 1.39 ± 0.32 x 2.49 ± 0.61 y - 0–12h 0–12h 12–24h - 0.19 ± 0.08 0.75 ± 0.33 1.29 ± 1.02
 Me-quercetin glucuronide nd 0.82 ± 0.16 w 2.93 ± 0.58 x 7.17 ± 1.31 y - np 0–12h 0–12h - np 1.61 ± 0.43 4.16 ± 0.58
 Total Flavonols nd 13.4 25.5 39.3
Total Phenolics Excreted 1243 2298 6808 8557

nd = not detected; trace = compound detected, but below LOQ; np = no peak observed.

a

Note: only phenolics detected via chromatography presented here. Data are comprised of biological replicates (n=6–8) and presented as mean ± SD. Superscript letters indicate significant differences between doses (p<0.05 with Tukey’s HSD test).

b

Qualitative Tmax represents the urine collection during which excretion of the metabolite was greatest; np indicates no peak excretion (i.e., consistent excretion at all time points), 0–12h indicates peak excretion within 12h after dosing, 12–24h indicates peak excretion 12–24h after dosing, and 0–24h indicates peak excretion was similar at 0–12h and 12–24h.