Table 3 –
Phenolics detected in plasma.a
| Plasma AUC (uM*h) | Qualitative Tmax b | Cmax (uM) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Low | Medium | High | Control | Low | Medium | High | Control | Low | Medium | High | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Phenolic Acids | ||||||||||||
| Syringic acid | nd | nd | nd | trace | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3-OH-PPA | nd | nd | 2.46 ± 0.95 w | 8.00 ± 2.22 x | - | - | 12h | 12h | - | - | 0.161 ± 0.092 | 0.507 ± 0.107 |
| Caffeic gcnd | nd | 0.36 ± 0.06 w | 0.55 ± 0.11 x | 0.92 ± 0.20 y | - | np | 6h | 6h | - | np | 0.021 ± 0.008 | 0.084 ± 0.020 |
| Ferulic acid | nd | nd | nd | trace | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ferulic sulf | 1.88 ± 0.26 w | 6.16 ± 1.50 x | 6.33 ± 3.04 x | 9.12 ± 2.89 x | np | np | 6h | 6h | np | np | 0.262 ± 0.169 | 0.825 ± 0.317 |
| Ferulic gcnd | nd | 5.78 ± 0.75 w | 7.17 ± 1.05 x | 11.3 ± 0.72 y | - | np | 6h | 6h | - | np | 0.217 ± 0.073 | 0.797 ± 0.141 |
| Hippuric acid | 3.19 ± 0.36 w | 25.8 ± 3.08 x | 47.7 ± 5.13 y | 74.3 ± 7.54 z | np | np | 12h | 24–36h | np | np | 1.535 ± 0.510 | 2.065 ± 0.806 |
| Flavonols | ||||||||||||
| Quer gcnd | nd | 0.32 ± 0.01 w | 0.34 ± 0.05 w | 0.57 ± 0.14 x | - | np | 6h | 6h | - | np | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.023 ± 0.005 |
| 4-OMe-quer | nd | nd | nd | trace | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Me-quer gcnd | nd | 3.27 ± 0.29 w | 3.56 ± 0.73 w | 4.31 ± 0.20 x | - | np | np | 6–18h | - | np | np | 0.104 ± 0.007 |
nd = not detected; trace = compound detected, but below LOQ; np = no peak observed; gcnd = glucuronide; sulf = sulfate; quer = quercetin; OH = hydroxy; PPA = phenyl propionic acid; OMe = methoxy.
Several anthocyanins (delphinidin glucuronide, delphinidin sulfate, peonidin glucuronide, petunidin-3-O-galactoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, and petunidin glucuronide) were detected at trace levels in medium and high doses, though responses were inconsistent and below LOQ. Data are comprised of biological replicates (n=6–8) and presented as mean ± SD. Superscript letters indicate significant differences between doses (p<0.05 with Tukey’s HSD test).
Qualitative Tmax represents the blood collection during which plasma levels of the metabolite was greatest; np indicates no peak observed; time ranges demonstrate similar amounts quantitated at multiple time points.