Table 2.
Effects a of probiotics on various parameters in piglets.
| Treatment | Microorganism/s | Dose | Pathogenic Challenge |
Endpoints b | Refs. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP | ND | FT/D | FS | GA | IS | FA | GM | |||||
| Bacillus | ||||||||||||
| Single-strain | Bacillus (B.) longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 | 1 × 109 CFU/day | 2 × 109 and 6 × 109 CFU of Salmonella (S). Typhimurium on days 8 and 10 | NS | nm | NS | + | + | + | + | + | [76] |
| Single-strain | B. longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 | 1 × 109 CFU/day | 5 × 109 and 5 × 1010 CFU of E. coli K88 on days 5 and 6 | NS | nm | NS | + | + | + | + | + | [77] |
| Single-strain | B. licheniformis ATCC 21424 | L: 1.6 × 109 CFU spores/g feed H: 4.8 × 109 CFU spores/g feed |
nm | NS | nm | + | nm | nm | nm | nm | + (L) |
[67] |
| Single-strain | T1: B. subtilis DSM 32540, T2: B. pumilus DSM 3253, |
500 mg/kg feed (1 × 109 CFU/kg) |
1 × 1010 CFU of ETEC F18, 3 consecutive days | + (T1) |
nm | + (T1) |
nm | + | + | nm | +/− | [72] |
| Single-strain | B. subtilis KN-42 | L: 2 × 109 CFU/kg feed, M: 4 × 109 CFU/kg feed, H: 20 × 109 CFU/kg feed |
nm | NS (1–14 dpw), + (M,H: 1–28 dpw) |
nm | + | nm | nm | nm | nm | + | [68] |
| Single-strain | B. amyloliquefaciens SC06 | 1 × 109 CFU/ kg feed | nm | + | nm | + | nm | nm | nm | nm | nm | [78] |
| Single-strain | B. licheniformis-fermented feed additive | 1.0 g/kg (5 × 108 CFU/kg feed | nm | NS | nm | + | nm | + | nm | nm | + | [69] |
| Single-strain | B. subtilis GCB-13-001 | L: 1 × 105 CFU/kg feed H: 1 × 106 CFU/kg feed |
nm | + | NS | NS | + (PRO2) |
nm | nm | nm | nm | [74] |
| Multi-strain | T1: 3 strains B. amyloliquefaciens, T2: T1 and B. subtilis |
T1: 7.5 × 105 CFU/g feed, T2: 1.5 × 105 CFU/g feed |
6 mL ETEC F18+ (~1.9 × 109 CFU/mL) at 7dpw | NS | nm | NS | T1: NS, T2: − (2 dpi), + (7 dpi) |
NS | NS | Nm | nm | [48] |
| Multi-strain | B. licheniformis (DSM 5749) and B. subtilis (DSM 5750) | L: 3.9 × 108 CFU/day, M: 7.8 × 108 CFU/day, H: 3.9 × 109 CFU/day |
E. coli K88ac (O149:K91, F4+), 1 × 1010 CFU/day | NS | nm | NS | nm | nm | nm | Nm | + | [75] |
| Multi-strain | Spray-dried spore-forming B. licheniformis (DSM 5749) and B. subtilis (DSM 5750) | L: 10 mL 3.9 × 107 CFU/mL, H: 10 mL 7.8 × 107 CFU/mL |
10 mL E. coli K88ac (O149:K91, F4+), 1.0 × 109 CFU/mL | + | nm | NS | nm | nm | +/− | nm | nm | [79] |
| Single-strain | B. subtilis (DSM 25841) | L: 1.28 × 109 CFU/kg feed H: 2.56 × 109 CFU/kg feed |
3 mL F18 E. coli (1 × 1010 CFU) | + (H) | nm | NS | nm | + (H) | NS | nm | nm | [73] |
| Lactic acid bacteria/Bifidobacteria | ||||||||||||
| Single-strain, multi-species (T3) |
T1: Lactobacillus (L.) casei, T2: Enterococcus (E.) faecalis, T3: L. casei and E. faecalis (3:1) |
1–4 mL, 1 × 109 CFU/mL | nm | + | nm | + | nm | + (only reported for T3) |
+ (only reported for T3) |
nm | + (only reported for T3) |
[80] |
| Single-strain | T1: L. plantarum, T2: L. reuteri, T3: L. plantarum and L. reuteri |
2 × 108 CFU/g | nm | T1: NS, T2 and 3: - |
nm | + | nm | nm | nm | nm | nm | [81] |
| Single-strain | L. plantarum JC1 (B2028) | 2 × 1010 CFU/day | 6 mL (2 × 109 CFU/mL) of E. coli K88 (O149:K91:H10 /LT-I/STb) | + | nm | NS | nm | + | + | (+) | + | [82] |
| Single-strain | E. faecalis LAB31 | L: 0.5 × 109 CFU/kg feed, M: 1 × 109 CFU/kg feed, H: 2.5 × 109 kg feed |
nm | + | nm | NS (1-14 dpw), + (H: 1–28 dpw) |
nm | nm | + (H) | nm | + (H) |
[83] |
| Single-strain | L. rhamnosus (heat-killed) | 1 × 109 FU/g feed L: 0.1% M: 0.2% H: 0.4% |
Nm | + | + (H) | + | nm | nm | + | nm | nm | [84] |
| Single-strain | L. plantarum CJLP243 | L: 1 × 108 CFU/kg feed M: 1 × 109 CFU/kg feed H: 1 × 1010 CFU/kg feed |
5 × 109 CFU of E. coli K88ac | + | nm | + | + | nm | + | nm | nm | [85] |
| Single-strain | L. rhamnosus | L: 10 mL/day of 109 CFU/mL, H: 10 mL/day of 1011 CFU/mL |
E. coli K88ac (O149:K91, F4+), 1.6 × 109 CFU/mL, 10 mL/day |
nm | nm | + | + | nm | + | nm | + | [86] |
| Single-strain | Bifidobacterium (Bif.) lactis HN019 | 10 mL of 1 × 108 CFU/mL | nm | nm | nm | + (1 - 3 dpw) |
nm | + | nm | nm | nm | [87] |
| Single-strain | T1: L. plantarum Zj316, T2: L. plantarum Zj316 + antibiotic |
T1L: 1 × 109 CFU/day, T1M: 5 × 109 CFU/day, T1H: 1 × 1010 CFU/day, T2: 1 × 1010 CFU/day |
nm | + (T1L) |
nm | + | nm | + (only presented for T1L) |
nm | NS | NS | [88] |
| Single-strain | L. plantarum PFM105 | 2 × 107 CFU/g feed | Nm | + | nm | + | nm | + | nm | + | + | [89] |
| Single-strain | E. faecium DSM 10663 NCIMB 10415 | Newborn: 2.8x109 CFU, suckler: 2.52 × 109 CFU/day, weaner with PWD: 2.9-5.8x108 CFU/day |
nm | + | nm | + | nm | nm | nm | nm | nm | [90] |
| Single-strain | L. rhamnosus GG | 10 mL, 1 × 1010 CFU/mL | 10 mL of E. coli K88ac (O149:K91, F4+), 1 × 109 CFU/mL | nm | nm | + | + | nm | + | nm | + | [91] |
| Single-strain | E. faecium R1 | 6.5 × 106 CFU/g feed | intraperitoneally injected lipopolysaccharides (E coli O55:B5, 100 μg/kg body weight) | NS (+ F/G ratio) |
nm | + | nm | nm | nm | nm | nm | [92] |
| Multi-strain |
Bif. longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 Bif. animalis subsp. lactis BPL6 |
1 × 109 CFU/day | 5 × 108 CFU S. Typhimurium | NS | nm | + | + | + | + | + | nm | [77] |
| Multi-strain | L. reuteri and L. plantarum | L: 0.1% 1 × 109 CFU/kg feed H: 0.2% 1 × 109 CFU/kg feed |
nm | + (L: 0–28 dpw) |
+ (L) |
+ (L) |
+ (L) |
nm | nm | nm | + | [93] |
| Multi-species |
L. murinus DPC6002 and DPC6003, L. salivarius subsp. Salivarius DPC6005, L. pentosus DPC6004, and Pediococcus pentosaceous DPC6006; T1: as fermented milk, T2: as milk suspension |
T1: 4 × 1010 CFU/day, T2: 4 × 109 CFU/day |
1 × 108 CFU/day S. enterica Typhimurium PT12 for three consecutive days | NS | nm | + | + | nm | nm | nm | nm | [94] |
| Multi-species |
L. acidophilus,
L. casei, Bif. thermophilum, E. faecium |
0.25 × 108 CFU/g feed of each strain | E. coli S1191 and 2144 (F18+; 1 × 109 CFU/mL of each strain) | + | nm | ns | nm | + (jejunum) |
+ | nm | nm | [95] |
| E. coli | ||||||||||||
| Single-strain, multi-strain (T4) |
T1: E. coli candidates 582 T2: E. coli candidates B771 T3: E. coli candidates B1172 T4: E. coli candidates 582, B771 and B1172 combined |
5 mL/day, 1 × 109 CFU/mL | ETEC 12919 and ETEC 173 (1 × 106 CFU/mL) |
nm | nm | + (T4) | + (T4) | nm | nm | nm | NS | [96] |
| Multi-strain | T1: E. coli UM-2 and E. coli UM-7; T2: T1 + raw potato starch |
3.1 × 109 CFU/mL | 6 mL E. coli K88+ (3 strains, 2.3 × 109 CFU/mL) |
+ | nm | + (T2) |
+ | nm | nm | + (T2) |
+ | [97] |
| Yeast | ||||||||||||
| Single-strain | Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae CNCM I-4407 | 1 × 1010 CFU/g, 5 × 1010 CFU/g (weaner) |
E. coli (O149:K88, LT+), 1.5 × 1011 CFU/pig | + (42 dpw) |
nm | + | + | nm | + | nm | nm | [98] |
| Single-strain | S. cerevisiae CNCM I-4407 | T1: 5 × 1010 CFU/kg (0–21 day) T2: 5 × 1010 CFU/kg (7–11 day) T3: 2 × 1011 CFU/kg (once) |
E. coli F4ac, 1 × 108 CFU | NS | nm | + (12 h, 48 h) |
+ (d4) |
nm | NS | nm | m | [99] |
| Single-strain | T2: Candida utilis (C.), T2: C. utilis + Yucca Schidigera extract (YSE) |
T1: 1 × 109 CFU T2: 1 × 109 CFU CU + 120 mg YSE/kg feed |
nm | + (T1) | nm | + | nm | + | nm | nm | + | [100] |
| Single-strain | S. boulardii mafic-1701 | 1 × 108 CFU/kg | nm | NS (+ F/G ratio) |
nm | + | nm | nm | + | + | + | [101] |
| Single-strain | T1: Duan-Nai-An (S. cerevisiae S288c fermented egg white; combination of live yeast and active egg white) T2: S. cerevisiae S288c |
10 mL/day (2.0 × 108 CFU/mL) | nm | nm | nm | + | nm | + (T1) |
nm | nm | nm | [102] |
| Multi-species | ||||||||||||
| Multi-species |
T1: E. faecium DSM7134 (1 × 108 CFU/g), B. subtilis AS1.836 (2 x 1010 CFU/g), S. cerevisiae ATCC 28338 (1 × 1010 CFU/g) T2: E. faecium DSM7134 (1 × 108 CFU/g), B. subtilis AS1.836 plus (2 x 1010 CFU/g), L. paracasei L9 CGMCC (1 × 1010 CFU/g) |
1g probiotic/kg feed | nm | + | nm | + | nm | nm | nm | + | + (T2) | [103] |
| Multi-species | probiotic: B. mesentericus TO-A (108 CFU/g), Clostridium butyricum TO-A (108 CFU/g), E. faecalis T- 110 (1010 CFU/g); T1: maternal + neonatal administration; T2: neonatal administration |
maternal: 0.2% (w/w), neonatal: 0.02% (w/w) |
nm | + | nm | + | nm | + (T1) | NS | nm | + (T2) | [104] |
| Multi-species | B. licheniformis and S. cerevisiae | 500 mg/kg | 10 mL E. coli K88+ (1 × 109 CFU/mL) | + | + | + | nm | + | nm | nm | + | [105] |
| Multi-species | T1: E. faecium 6H2, L. acidophilus C3, Pediococcus pentosaceus D7, L. fermentum NC1 T2: T1 + B. subtilis H4, T3: T2 + S. boulardii Sb |
2 mL/kg feed of each probiotic strain (1.3 × 109–8 × 1011 CFU/mL) |
nm | + | + | + | nm | nm | nm | + | + | [106] |
a Effects +: positive effect; -: negative effect; NS: non-significant effect; nm: not measured; b GP: growth performance; ND: digestibility; FT/D: faecal traits/reduction in diarrhoea; FS: faecal pathogen shedding (after exp. challenge); GA: gut architecture; IS: immune system; FA: fermentative activity; GM: gut microbiota.