Table 2.
Association between depressive symptoms (CDI score) and individual obesogenic behaviors on individual and clustered metabolic risk, adjusted for age and gender in 7 – 13 year old American Indian children without diabetes.
| Child’s Depression Inventory and Obesogenic Behaviors | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDI | Daily Sugar Sweet Beverage Intake (kcal) | CDI | Daily Fruit and Vegetable Intake (servings) | CDI | Daily Meal Intake Frequency | CDI | Daily Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity (time in hours) | CDI | Daily Weekday Screen time (time in hours) | CDI | Daily Weekend Screen time (time in hours) | |
| Outcomes | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE | Beta ± SE |
| Body mass index percentile | 7.13 ± 7.69 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 6.44 ± 7.79 | −2.98 ± 2.46 | 5.67 ± 8.24 | −13.59 ± 17.32 | 6.26 ± 7.70 | −1.04 ± 0.60 | 5.72 ± 7.92 | 0.53 ± 0.64 | 6.21 ± 8.14 | 0.30 ± 0.45 |
| Waist circ. percentile | 6.07 ± 8.34 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 6.06 ± 8.50 | −2.24 ± 2.69 | 4.83 ± 8.97 | −14.12 ± 18.87 | 4.89 ± 8.32 | −1.42 ± 0.64 | 4.25 ± 8.60 | 0.70 ± 0.49 | 3.48 ± 8.82 | 0.65 ± 0.49 |
| Body fat percent | 4.37 ± 3.36 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 4.37 ± 3.41 | −0.64 ± 1.09 | 3.94 ± 3.61 | −4.48 ± 7.61 | 3.84 ± 3.33 | −3.95 ± 1.83 | 4.31 ± 3.41 | 0.09 ± 0.21 | 4.15 ± 3.68 | 0.06 ± 0.20 |
| Blood pressure percentile | −0.26 ± 4.71 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 4.77 | 0.42 ± 1.51 | 0.70 ± 5.03 | 43.03 ± 10.58 | −0.21 ± 4.75 | −0.145 ± 0.36 | −0.81 ± 4.84 | 0.20 ± 0.28 | −0.18 ± 4.97 | 0.04 ± 0.28 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | −8.42 ± 8.68 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | −8.48 ± 8.77 | −0.25 ± 2.80 | −8.16 ± 9.27 | 1.08 ± 19.57 | −8.55 ± 8.71 | −0.13 ± 0.68 | −9.88 ± 8.95 | 0.34 ± 0.53 | −11.06 ± 9.167 | 0.45 ± 0.52 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | −6.22 ± 4.55 | −0.00 ± 0.01 | −6.30 ± 4.60 | −0.02 ± 1.47 | −7.27 ± 4.85 | −5.76 ± 10.25 | −6.05 ± 4.57 | 0.16 ± 0.36 | −8.88 ± 4.61 | 0.58 ± 0.27 | −9.83 ± 4.73 | 0.59 ± 0.27 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | −11.89 ± 12.918 | −0.00 ± 0.02 | −13.27 ± 13.45 | −1.27 ± 4.20 | −16.15 ± 12.77 | 48.01 ± 29.4 | −10.16 ± 12.45 | 2.13 ± 1.12 | −10.09 ± 13.04 | −0.61 ± 0.85 | −8.08 ± 13.43 | −0.76 ± 0.84 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | −16.86 ± 19.79 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | −23.09 ± 19.79 | −9.06 ± 6.65 | −13.03 ± 20.05 | 34.48 ± 47.89 | −16.33 ± 19.50 | −0.80 ± 1.83 | −20.15 ± 20.32 | 0.83 ± 1.37 | −27.58 ± 21.08 | 1.68 ± 1.32 |
| Post-prandial glucose (mg/dl) | 22.05 ± 7.74 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 24.22 ± 7.83 | 2.76 ± 2.49 | 22.13 ± 8.31 | −3.87 ± 17.55 | 24.33 ± 7.73 | 1.01 ± 0.61 | 19.70 ± 7.97 | 0.69 ± 0.47 | 16.74 ± 8.08 | 1.01 ± 0.46 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 9.81 ± 4.85 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 10.45 ± 4.92 | 0.59 ± 1.57 | 10.93 ± 5.19 | 4.61 ± 10.96 | 11.19 ± 4.82 | 0.68 ± 0.38 | 7.98 ± 4.97 | 0.49 ± 0.29 | 6.78 ± 5.08 | 0.56 ± 0.29 |
| HgbA1c (%) | 0.73 ± 0.27 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.84 ± 0.27 | .16 ± 0.09 | 0.75 ± 0.29 | −0.09 ± 0.62 | 0.81 ± 0.27 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.28 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.29 | 0.03 ± 0.02 |
| Cardio-metabolic Risk* | 0.29 ± 0.43 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.43 | −0.04 ± 0.14 | 0.33 ± 0.45 | 0.22 ± 0.96 | 0.28 ± 0.43 | −0.07 ± 0.24 | 0.29 ± 0.44 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.45 | −0.01 ± 0.03 |
| Odds Ratio | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) |
| Acanthosis nigricans (+ or −) | 1.77 (0.45, 6.92) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.80 (0.45, 7.13) | 1.03 (0.65, 1.63) | 1.73 (0.402, 7.409) | 0.888 (0.04, 21.33) | 1.81 (0.46, 7.10) | 1.16 (0.53, 2.50 | 2.11 (0.51, 8. 8) | 0.96 (0.09, 1.05) | 2.01 (0.46, 8.73) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) |
| Metabolic Syndrome** | 3.059 (0.707, 13.231) | 1.001 (0.999, 1.003) | 3.303 (0.759, 14.374) | 1.091 (0.662, 1.797) | 4.241 (0.884, 20.340) | 5.905 (0.153, 228.465) | 3.003 (0.694, 12.986) | 0.734 (0.304, 1.774) | 3.471 (0.750, 16.063) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 2.72 (0.57, 12.99) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.12) |
Cardio Metabolic Risk is a continuous sum of risk scores for: blood pressure percentile, waist circumference percentile, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, acanthosis nigricans
Metabolic syndrome is categorically defined by having at least three at-risk scores from the following: blood pressure percentile, waist circumference percentile, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose
Bolded values indicate statistical significance (p<0.05)
Predictor variables
Child Depression Inventory (CDI) score is an average of a 27-item continuous score
Total sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is a daily kilocalorie average of all SSB variables
Total fruit and vegetable intake is a daily frequency sum of all fruit and vegetable variables
Total meal frequency is a daily frequency sum of all meal variables
Moderate and vigorous physical activity is a daily time average(hours) of moderate and vigorous physical activity variables
Weekday screen time is a daily time average (hours) of all weekday sedentary screen time variables
Weekend screen time is a daily time average(hours) of all weekend sedentary screen time variables
Outcome variables
Body mass index percentile was calculated using height, weight, gender and age in months
Blood pressure percentile was determine via the average of three separate blood pressures and plotted by gender, age and height percentile
Body fat percent was calculated by the Tanita 300 scale for
Waist circumference percentile was measured in centimeters at midline and calculated using gender and age
Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HgbA1c was obtained (via fingerstick) after a fast (>8 hours)
Random glucose was obtained 2 hours after a high carbohydrate, low fat, low fiber meal
Acanthosis nigricans was assessed by a trained medical professional (physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant) and recorded as negative or positive