Figure 4.

Assessment of the biofilm eradication capabilities of Free-Van, Van-PLGANPs, and Van-LCHNPs. Crystal violet staining was performed post-treatment for visual observation of remaining biomass as pictured in (a) Free-Van, (b) Van-PLGANPs, and (c) Van-LCHNPs. CFU counts that were derived from the remaining biofilm are shown in (d); horizontal line at ∼2 × 10¹⁰ denotes the CFU counts derived from untreated biofilm controls. Significant differences between groups were analyzed using Mann–Whitney test on OriginPro 2021 (*P < 0.05, n = 4).