Table 3. Characterization Methods of GO.
| S. No. | Method of characterization | System | Result | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | UV–visible | GO | λmax1 = 230 nm; λmax2 = 280–300 nm | (64) |
| 2 | XRD | GO nanosheets | 2θ = 10.44° | (65) |
| 3 | FTIR | GO | 1720 cm–1 (carbonyl of −COOH) | (66) |
| 1363 cm–1 and 1226 cm–1 | ||||
| 1085 cm–1 (epoxy groups) | ||||
| 1630 cm–1 (C-atoms of arenes) | ||||
| 4 | Raman | Single-layered GO | 1585 cm–1 (G-band) | (76) |
| 2679 cm–1 (2D band) | ||||
| 5 | XPS | GO | 287 eV (epoxy group) | (66) |
| 289.50 eV (carbonyl of −COOH) | ||||
| 291.28 eV (ester) | ||||
| 6 | SEM | GO | Deformation of graphene sheet with increase in oxygen concentration | (68) |
| 7 | TGA | GO–M–Cu | Multiple weight decreases at different stages. | (15) |
| 8 | Density | Ethanol–GO | 2.260 g cm–3 | (69) |
| Acetone–GO | 1.167 g cm–3 |