Table 2. Characteristics and management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.
| All (n = 62) | Survivors (n = 38) | Non-survivors (n = 24) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECMO setting | ||||
| Blood flow, L/min | 3.0 [2.5 –3.4] | 3.0 [2.5–3.3] | 3.0 [2.6–3.7] | 0.255 |
| Sweep gas flow, L/min | 3.0 [2.0 –3.0] | 3.0 [2.0–4.0] | 3.0 [2.0 –3.0] | 0.451 |
| Arterial blood gas analysis | ||||
| pH | 7.44 [7.41 –7.50] | 7.44 [7.41–7.49] | 7.45 [7.40–7.50] | 0.679 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 73 [61–87] | 72 [60–80] | 75 [66–93] | 0.189 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 31 [27–37] | 31 [26–37] | 31 [28–38] | 0.958 |
| HCO3−, mmol/L | 21 [20–25] | 21 [20–25] | 21 [19–25] | 0.802 |
| Adjunctive therapy | ||||
| Steroid | 21 (34) | 9 (24) | 12 (50) | 0.033 |
| Dialysis | 25 (40) | 12 (32) | 13 (54) | 0.077 |
| Neuromuscular blocker | 58 (94) | 34 (90) | 24 (100) | 0.100 |
| Mechanical ventilation parameters from day 1 to day 3 after ECMO support | ||||
| FiO2 | 0.6 [0.5–0.7] | 0.6 [0.4–0.7] | 0.6 [0.4–0.7] | 0.198 |
| Tidal volume, mL/kg | 5.1 [4.0–6.4] | 5.1 [3.9–6.4] | 5.2 [4.0–6.2] | 0.833 |
| PEEP, cmH2O | 12 [10–14] | 11 [10–14] | 12 [11–14] | 0.538 |
| PIP, cmH2O | 27 [25–29] | 28 [25–29] | 26 [25–28] | 0.257 |
| MAP, cmH2O | 17 [14–18] | 15 [14–18] | 17 [15–19] | 0.061 |
| Respiratory rate, /min | 13 [12–17] | 12 [12–15] | 15 [13–18] | 0.013 |
| Dynamic driving pressure, cmH2O | 15 [13–17] | 16 [13–17] | 14 [13–16] | 0.146 |
| Mechanical power, J/min | 11.5 [8.3–15.8] | 11.3 [7.7–14.7] | 11.8 [8.3–18.1] | 0.352 |
| Decrease of mechanical power, J/min | 12.5 [4.4–21.4] | 12.7 [5.2–23.8] | 12.2 [3.4–19.9] | 0.562 |
| Decrease of lactic acid, mmol/L | ||||
| First day | 0.7 [0.2–1.9] | 0.7 [0–2.1] | 0.6 [−0.2–1.8] | 0.765 |
| Second day | 1.0 [0.2–2.4] | 1.2 [0.2–3.0] | 0.7 [−0.7–2.1] | 0.159 |
| Third day | 1.0 [0.3–2.4] | 1.4 [0.5–2.8] | 0.9 [0.2–1.8] | 0.208 |
| Complications | 13(21) | 6 (16) | 7 (29) | 0.208 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 6 (10) | 2 (5) | 4 (17) | |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Surgical site bleeding | 5 (8) | 3 (8) | 2 (8) | |
| Other bleeding | 2 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | |
| Concomitant infection | 37 (60) | 21 (55) | 16 (67) | 0.373 |
| Aspergillus spp. | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 7 (11) | 5 (13) | 2 (8) | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 2 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 18 (29) | 10 (26) | 8 (33) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 4 (7) | 2 (5) | 2 (8) | |
| Escherichia coli | 4 (7) | 2 (5) | 2 (8) | |
| Streptococcus spp. | 3 (5) | 1 (3) | 2 (8) | |
| Others | 24 (39) | 13 (34) | 11 (46) | |
| Duration of ECMO (days) | 14 [7–20] | 10 [7–18] | 17 [8–25] | 0.244 |
| Duration of mechanical ventilator (days) | 23 [15–38] | 22 [15–38] | 23 [14–38] | 0.908 |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 23 [16–41] | 24 [16–44] | 23 [13–38] | 0.492 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 36 [22–64] | 40 [27–78] | 24 [14–60] | 0.036 |
Notes.
Data are expressed as number (%) or median (25th–75th percentiles).
- PEEP
- positive end expiratory pressure
- PIP
- peak inspiratory pressure
- MAP
- mean airway pressure
- ECMO
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation