Table 1.

Diagnostic scales comparison: Bush–Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS), Rogers Catatonia Scale (RCS), Braunig Catatonia Rating Scale (BCRS), Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS).

Items	BFCRS (Bush et al., 1996	RCS (Sienaert et al., 2011)	BCRS (Bräunig et al., 2000)	NCRS (Northoff et al., 1999a)
Excitement	X	X	X	X
Immobility/stupor	X	X	X	X
Mutism	X	X	X	X
Staring	X			X
Posturing/catalepsy	X	X	X	X
Grimacing	X		X	X
Echopraxia/echolalia	X	X	X	X
Stereotypy	X	X	X	X
Mannerisms	X	X	X	X
Verbigeration	X	X	X	X
Rigidity	X		X	X
Negativism	X	X	X	X
Waxy flexibility	X	X	X	X
Gegenhalten	X		X	X
Mitgehen/Mitmachen	X	X	X	X
Abnormal speech		X		X
Dyskinesia/parakinesia		X	X	X
Iterations		X	X
Slowness/feebleness of spontaneous movements		X
Simple abnormal posture		X
Gait: reduced associated movements		X
Gait: slow/shuffling		X
Automatic obedience	X		X	X
Impulsivity	X		X	X
Grasp reflex/grasping	X		X
Akinesia			X	X
Festination/jerky movements			X	X
Rituals			X
Combativeness/aggression	X			X
Autism/withdrawal	X			X
Ambivalence/Ambitendency	X			X
Perseveration	X			X
Autonomic/vegetative abnormality	X			X
Agitation				X
Flaccidity/muscular hypotonus				X
Affect-related behavior				X
Affective latence				X
Flat affect				X
Anxiety				X
Athetotic Movements				X
Compulsive behavior				X
Compulsive emotions				X
Emotional lability				X
Sudden muscular tone alterations				X
Increased, compulsive-like speech				X
Loss of initiative				X
Magnetism			X