Table 2.
Bayesian multilevel regression analysis of covariates predicting the level of perceived stress in adolescents during the spring 2020 lockdown.
| Predictor | β (95% HDI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Genderb (female vs. male) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.14 (0.08, 0.20) | 0.13 (0.06, 0.18) |
| Ageb | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) |
| Social well-being during COVID-19 lockdown c | |||
| Lonely | 0.31 (0.28, 0.34) | 0.30 (0.27, 0.33) | 0.24 (0.20, 0.27) |
| Part of group of friends | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.04) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) |
| Could talk to someone | −0.19 (−0.23, −0.16) | −0.19 (−0.22, −0.16) | −0.15 (−0.19, −0.12) |
| Changes in time use during COVID-19 lockdown c | |||
| Sleep time weekends | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) | |
| School work | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | |
| Leisure time | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | |
| Physical activity during past week | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | |
| Sleep time schooldays | −0.06 (−0.10, −0.03) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.02) | |
| Family COVID-19 experience | |||
| It felt cramped in my house | 0.12 (0.08, 0.16) | ||
| More disputes at home than before | 0.08 (0.05, 0.12) | ||
| There was less money at home | 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) | ||
| One or both parents lost their job | 0.06 (0.01, 0.12) | ||
| My parents worried more than before | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) | ||
| Opportunity to learn new things | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.03) | ||
| More time for enjoyable joint activities | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.03) | ||
| Variance for region | 0.07 (0.02, 0.13) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.25) |
| WAIC | 8974.5 | 8951.0 | 8805.7 |
a
Posterior distribution mean and its 95% credible interval.
b
Gender and age are used as controlling variables in all models.
c
Standardized variables (z-scores) were used.