Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics and lifestyle risk factors by intervention status in Pre-DICTED
| Overall (n=751) |
Control (n=378) |
Intervention (n=373) |
|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 52.5 (8.5) | 52.3 (8.6) | 52.7 (8.4) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 352 (46.9) | 178 (47.1) | 174 (46.6) |
| Female | 399 (53.1) | 200 (52.9) | 199 (53.4) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Chinese | 581 (77.4) | 289 (76.5) | 292 (78.3) |
| Malay | 67 (8.9) | 35 (9.3) | 32 (8.6) |
| Indian | 78 (10.4) | 41 (10.8) | 37 (9.9) |
| Others | 25 (3.3) | 13 (3.4) | 12 (3.2) |
| Employment status, n (%) | |||
| Employed or student | 600 (80.0) | 294 (78.0) | 306 (82.0) |
| Homemaker | 69 (9.2) | 35 (9.3) | 34 (9.1) |
| Retired | 44 (5.9) | 29 (7.7) | 15 (4.0) |
| Unemployed | 37 (4.9) | 19 (5.0) | 18 (4.8) |
| Highest education level, n (%) | |||
| Primary | 66 (8.8) | 35 (9.3) | 31 (8.3) |
| Secondary | 225 (30.0) | 124 (32.8) | 101 (27.1) |
| Higher education including vocational | 207 (27.6) | 92 (24.3) | 115 (30.8) |
| University | 253 (33.7) | 127 (33.6) | 126 (33.8) |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Anthropometry | |||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.0 (4.6) | 29.2 (4.7) | 28.7 (4.5) |
| BMI categories, kg/m2, n (%) | |||
| <27.5 | 343 (45.7) | 159 (42.1) | 184 (49.3) |
| ≥27.5 | 408 (54.3) | 219 (57.9) | 189 (50.7) |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 95.2 (10.6) | 95.3 (10.6) | 95.0 (10.7) |
| Family history of diabetes in 1st-degree relatives, n (%) | 432 (57.5) | 228 (60.3) | 204 (54.7) |
| History of gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) women | 60 (15.1) | 32 (16.0) | 28 (14.1) |
| Medical conditions, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 326 (43.4) | 167 (44.2) | 159 (42.6) |
| Lipid disorders | 274 (36.5) | 145 (38.4) | 129 (34.7) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 36 (4.8) | 18 (4.8) | 18 (4.9) |
| Stroke | 12 (1.6) | 8 (2.1) | 4 (1.1) |
| Other comorbidities | 77 (10.3) | 38 (10.1) | 39 (10.5) |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | |||
| Systolic | 129.2 (14.6) | 129.7 (14.8) | 128.7 (14.4) |
| Diastolic | 84.0 (10.7) | 84.2 (10.7) | 83.7 (10.6) |
| Lipids, mmol/L, mean (SD) | |||
| Total cholesterol | 5.0 (0.9) | 5.0 (0.9) | 5.0 (1.0) |
| HDL cholesterol | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) |
| Triglycerides | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.7) |
| LDL cholesterol | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) |
| Glycemic testing, mean (SD) | |||
| HbA1c, % | 6.0 (0.4) | 5.9 (0.4) | 6.0 (0.4) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.6) |
| 2-hour plasma glucose, mmol/L | 8.9 (1.4) | 9.0 (1.3) | 8.9 (1.4) |
| Pre-diabetes classification, n (%) | |||
| Isolated IFG | 100 (13.3) | 38 (10.1) | 62 (16.6) |
| Isolated IGT | 480 (63.9) | 245 (64.8) | 235 (63.0) |
| IFG & IGT | 171 (22.8) | 95 (25.1) | 76 (20.4) |
| Lifestyle risk factors and quality of life | |||
| EQ-5D-5L health-related quality of life, mean (SD) | |||
| Health utility score | 0.96 (0.09) | 0.96 (0.09) | 0.95 (0.09) |
| EQ-VAS | 79.9 (15.0) | 80.1 (15.3) | 79.7 (14.7) |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 52 (6.9) | 28 (7.4) | 24 (6.4) |
| No | 651 (86.7) | 327 (86.5) | 324 (86.9) |
| Yes | 48 (6.4) | 23 (6.1) | 25 (6.7) |
| Physical activity, MET-min per week, n (%) | |||
| <600* (not meeting recommendations) | 275 (36.9) | 135 (35.8) | 140 (37.9) |
| ≥600* (meets recommendations) | 471 (63.1) | 242 (64.2) | 229 (62.1) |
| Nutrient intake†, mean (SD) | |||
| Energy, kcal/day | 2560 (1143) | 2553 (1145) | 2567 (1143) |
| Carbohydrate, %E | 46.1 (8.3) | 46.3 (7.7) | 45.9 (8.8) |
| Protein, %E | 16.4 (3.0) | 16.2 (2.9) | 16.5 (3.0) |
| Total fat, %E | 36.8 (6.5) | 36.7 (6.1) | 37.0 (6.9) |
| Saturated fat, %E | 13.3 (2.5) | 13.4 (2.5) | 13.2 (2.5) |
| Dietary fiber, g/1000 kcal | 8.2 (2.0) | 8.1 (2.0) | 8.3 (2.0) |
| Food group intake†, median (IQR) | |||
| Refined grains, g/1000 kcal | 156.0 (111.5–200.1) | 160.4 (117.0–203.3) | 149.8 (107.9–196.2) |
| Whole grains, g/1000 kcal | 28.2 (9.4–57.5) | 26.4 (7.0–51.9) | 30.3 (11.6–62.0) |
| Red meat, g/1000 kcal | 21.1 (12.1–31.6) | 20.7 (11.4–32.1) | 21.1 (12.3–31.3) |
| Poultry, g/1000 kcal | 19.3 (12.1–29.2) | 18.6 (11.8–28.3) | 20.1 (12.7–30.5) |
| Fresh seafood, g/1000 kcal | 15.3 (9.5–22.9) | 14.9 (9.3–22.6) | 15.6 (9.9–23.3) |
| Dairy, g/1000 kcal | 52.8 (26.7–95.1) | 52.8 (27.7–96.2) | 53.0 (26.2–93.0) |
| Total vegetables, g/1000 kcal | 86.7 (68.8–108.3) | 87.8 (71.5–108.2) | 86.2 (66.8–108.3) |
| Fresh fruit, g/1000 kcal | 23.5 (8.1–46.0) | 21.8 (7.4–43.5) | 24.9 (9.4–47.5) |
Numbers missing: employment status (n=1); waist circumference (n=1); medical conditions–hypertension (n=2); lipid disorders (n=2); ischemic heart disease (n=2); stroke (n=3); LDL cholesterol (n=6); HbA1c (n=1); EQ-5D-5L (n=3); physical activity (n=5); dietary intake (n=1).
All comparisons between intervention and control groups have p values above 0.01. The comparison for pre-diabetes classification has p=0.02; all other comparisons have p values above 0.05.
*600 MET-min is equivalent to 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity.16
†Forty-three participants were excluded from analysis due to invalid daily energy intake (≤500 kcal or ≥6000 kcal).
BMI, body mass index; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level; EQ-VAS, EQ-5D-5L visual analog scale; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET-min, metabolic equivalent of task-minutes; Pre-DICTED, Pre-Diabetes Interventions and Continued Tracking to Ease-out Diabetes.