Table 3.
Diabetes risk factors by ethnicity in Pre-DICTED
| Chinese (n=581) |
Malay (n=67) |
Indian (n=78) |
P value | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 52.8 (8.4) | 51.5 (8.9) | 52.2 (7.9) | 0.42 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.4 (4.3) | 31.4 (4.6) | 31.2 (5.6) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 94.3 (10.4) | 95.6 (8.6) | 101.3 (11.8) | <0.01 |
| Family history of diabetes in 1st-degree relatives, n (%) | 316 (54.4) | 40 (59.7) | 63 (80.8) | <0.01 |
| History of gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) women | 46 (16.0) | 6 (12.8) | 7 (14.0) | 0.82 |
| Glycemic testing, mean (SD) | ||||
| HbA1c, % | 5.9 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.4) | 6.1 (0.3) | 0.02 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.5) | 5.9 (0.6) | 0.07 |
| 2-hour plasma glucose, mmol/L | 8.9 (1.4) | 8.9 (1.3) | 8.9 (1.3) | 0.98 |
| Physical activity, MET-min per week, n (%) | 0.24 | |||
| <600* (not meeting recommendations) | 212 (36.6) | 22 (32.8) | 35 (45.5) | |
| ≥600* (meets recommendations) | 367 (63.4) | 45 (67.2) | 42 (54.5) | |
| Nutrient intake†, mean (SD) | ||||
| Energy, kcal/day | 2586 (1149) | 2492 (1131) | 2342 (1123) | 0.21 |
| Carbohydrate, %E | 44.9 (8.1) | 48.4 (6.7) | 52.4 (8.1) | <0.01 |
| Protein, %E | 16.9 (2.8) | 15.1 (2.4) | 13.5 (2.5) | <0.01 |
| Total fat, %E | 37.4 (6.5) | 36.2 (5.6) | 33.5 (6.5) | <0.01 |
| Saturated fat, %E | 13.4 (2.4) | 13.5 (2.5) | 12.3 (2.8) | <0.01 |
| Dietary fiber, g/1000 kcal | 7.9 (1.7) | 8.3 (2.0) | 10.0 (2.4) | <0.01 |
| Food group intake†, median (IQR) | ||||
| Refined grains, g/1000 kcal | 153.0 (110.5–197.8) | 156.6 (103.8–203.9) | 171.5 (132.7–206.9) | 0.10 |
| Whole grains, g/1000 kcal | 29.8 (10.2–60.6) | 21.9 (5.7–40.3) | 24.8 (8.1–42.6) | 0.06 |
| Red meat, g/1000 kcal | 23.8 (16.4–34.4) | 11.1 (7.0–18.8) | 6.3 (2.8–10.0) | <0.01 |
| Poultry, g/1000 kcal | 21.1 (14.6–31.3) | 16.0 (8.7–20.6) | 8.2 (2.9–13.6) | <0.01 |
| Fresh seafood, g/1000 kcal | 16.0 (10.6–23.5) | 15.2 (10.6–21.2) | 9.5 (5.2–15.6) | <0.01 |
| Dairy, g/1000 kcal | 48.4 (24.9–87.0) | 56.2 (31.5–95.1) | 70.2 (45.8–123.6) | <0.01 |
| Total vegetables, g/1000 kcal | 90.9 (72.5–111.7) | 73.3 (56.8–89.2) | 78.0 (58.6–95.9) | <0.01 |
| Fresh fruit, g/1000 kcal | 23.5 (7.9–46.0) | 23.1 (10.7–40.6) | 28.7 (9.0–58.0) | 0.57 |
Numbers missing: waist circumference (n=1), HbA1c (n=1), physical activity (n=3), dietary intake (n=1).
*600 MET-min is equivalent to 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity.16
†Forty-three participants were excluded from analysis due to invalid daily energy intake (≤500 kcal or ≥6000 kcal).
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; MET-min, metabolic equivalent of task-minutes; Pre-DICTED, Pre-Diabetes Interventions and Continued Tracking to Ease-out Diabetes.