TABLE 5.

Selected questions from qualitative interview.

Questions from qualitative interview (n = 42)	n	%
Wellbeing compared to 3 years ago
Better	41	98
Same	1	2
Ever experienced mental illness (yes)	7	17
Ever received biomedical treatment for mental illness (yes)	2	5
Experienced calling (yes)	42	100
Consider calling as illness
Yes	16	38
No	20	48
No, but before ukuthwasa: yes	6	14
What signs/symptoms did your calling start with?
Dreams/visions	19	45
Voices	6	14
Dreams and voices	1	2
Physical and voices	1	2
Physical symptoms	7	17
Other psychological disturbances	3	7
Other	5	12
Influence of symptoms on daily functioning (n = 41)
No influence	6	14
Negative influence	35	83
Initial attitude toward calling
Positive	3	7
Neutral	4	10
Negative	35	83
Understanding of ukuthwasa
Training	8	19
Treatment	2	5
Both	32	76
Perceived influence of ukuthwasa on symptoms
Positive	41	98
Neutral	1	2
Expected outcome without ukuthwasa
Deterioration of symptoms	12	29
Death	20	48
Deterioration of symptoms or death	10	24
Opinion about traditional healers before calling
Positive	17	41
Neutral	11	26
Negative	14	33
Diviners in family (yes)	29	69
Current use of umuthi (traditional medicine) (yes) n = 41	38	91
Substance use
None	11	26
Snuff (smokeless tobacco)	19	45
Alcohol	1	2
Snuff and dagga	2	5
Snuff and alcohol	4	10
Other combination	5	12