Table 3.
Multilevel analysis of the factors associated with the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among the adult population in Indonesia.
| Variables | Prevalence (N=32,034) |
Unaware (N=7,623) |
Untreated (N=2,492) |
Uncontrolled (N=676) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15-34 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| 35-54 | 3.41 (3.14–3.71) | 0.47 (0.39–0.57) | 0.73 (0.49–1.10) | 1.93 (0.88–4.25) |
| 55-74 | 10.5 (9.45–11.6) | 0.29 (0.24–0.36) | 0.47 (0.30–0.71) | 4.10 (1.78–9.44) |
| >75 | 23.1 (18.7–28.4) | 0.33 (0.25–0.45) | 0.65 (0.37–1.15) | 4.34 (1.27–14.8) |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Male | 1.57 (1.43–1.72) | 1.66 (1.42–1.94) | 1.11 (0.82–1.48) | 1.30 (0.65–2.57) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Unmarried | 1.20 (1.07–1.34) | 2.01 (1.50–2.69) | 1.50 (0.72–3.09) | 0.60 (0.13–2.82) |
| Widow/Divorced | 1.56 (1.41–1.73) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 1.43 (0.79–2.58) |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Rural | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.99 (0.88–1.13) | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | 1.33 (0.82–2.18) |
| Education level | ||||
| No formal education | 2.22 (1.88–2.61) | 1.26 (0.97–1.64) | 1.34 (0.84–2.13) | 2.47 (0.82–7.49) |
| Primary education | 1.47 (1.31–1.64) | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 1.45 (1.01–2.06) | 1.23 (0.62–2.46) |
| Secondary education | 1.07 (0.96–1.18) | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 1.40 (1.00–1.95) | 0.81 (0.43–1.52) |
| Higher education | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Unemployed | 1.22 (1.13–1.31) | 0.74 (0.65–0.83) | 0.68 (0.55–0.84) | 0.90 (0.57–1.43) |
| Insurance ownership | ||||
| Yes | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| No | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 1.32 (1.18–1.46) | 1.13 (0.93–1.38) | 1.18 (0.75–1.87) |
| Wealth index | ||||
| 1st Quintiles (poorest) | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | 1.85 (1.31–2.60) | 1.13 (0.49–2.58) |
| 2nd Quintiles | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 1.12 (0.83–1.51) | 1.25 (0.67–2.34) |
| 3rd Quintiles | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | 1.34 (1.01–1.77) | 0.79 (0.44–1.42) |
| 4th Quintiles | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.28 (1.09–1.51) | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 1.14 (0.63–2.06) |
| 5th Quintiles (richest) | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (BMI<18.5) | 0.61 (0.55–0.69) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 1.06 (0.70–1.60) | 1.43 (0.54–3.77) |
| Normoweight (BMI 18.5–22.9) | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Overweight (BMI 23–24.9) | 1.70 (1.56–1.86) | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 1.42 (0.77–2.60) |
| Obese (BMI >25) | 2.94 (2.73–3.17) | 0.79 (0.69–0.89) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 2.35 (1.44–3.83) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smokers | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Former smokers | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 0.70 (0.57–0.87) | 0.82 (0.57–1.17) | 0.46 (0.21–1.01) |
| Current smokers | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 1.55 (1.31–1.83) | 1.47 (1.05–2.08) | 1.02 (0.45–2.31) |
| Random effects | ||||
| Community (PSU) random variance (SEa) | 0.075 (0.018) | 0.079 (0.023) | 0.175 (0.068) | 0 |
| Community (PSU) VPCb (%) | 2.2 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 0 |
aSE: Standard error, b VPC: variance partition coefficient.