Table 4.
Multivariable analysis of baseline characteristics associated with trajectory group membership among HIV-seronegative women in the WIHS cohort, using group 3 (VI persistors) as reference group
| Group 1: AI & VI persistors (N = 75) |
Group 2: AI & VI desistors (N = 169) |
Group 4: VI desistors (N = 167) |
Group 5: AI & VI inactives (N = 125) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Category | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI |
| Sociodemographic and structural variables | |||||||||
| Age in years | Continuous | 1.00 | 0.96–1.03 | 1.07 | 1.04–1.10 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.05 |
| Race/ethnicity | Black | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Hispanic | 1.36 | 1.02–2.60 | 1.04 | 0.62–1.96 | 0.98 | 0.62–1.57 | 0.89 | 0.45–1.92 | |
| White* | 1.51 | 0.77–4.67 | 1.08 | 0.61–2.05 | 1.68 | 0.92–4.30 | 2.39 | 1.20–4.76 | |
| Other | 2.29 | 0.55–6.45 | 1.38 | 0.57–3.39 | 0.91 | 0.35–2.55 | 1.44 | 0.27–3.71 | |
| Sexual orientation | Heterosexual | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Lesbian/bisexual | 1.98 | 1.01–3.86 | 1.47 | 0.83–2.59 | 1.94 | 1.12–3.37 | 12.50 | 7.43–26.37 | |
| Education | <High school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| ≥High school | 1.35 | 0.76–2.40 | 1.01 | 0.67–1.49 | 1.43 | 0.95–2.15 | 1.12 | 0.70–1.80 | |
| Violence victimization Ever† | None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Either physical or sexual violence | 1.34 | 0.85–2.82 | 1.08 | 0.64–1.84 | 1.86 | 0.69–2.04 | 1.31 | 0.75–2.27 | |
| Both physical and sexual violence | 2.22 | 1.09–4.81 | 1.88 | 1.13–3.12 | 0.91 | 0.51–1.63 | 1.28 | 0.70–2.37 | |
| Behavioral variables | |||||||||
| Injection drug use ever | No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.02 | 0.51–2.01 | 0.81 | 0.55–1.74 | 1.26 | 0.78–2.05 | 1.25 | 0.72–2.19 | |
| Exchange sex ever‡ | No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.05 | 0.56–1.93 | 1.09 | 0.65–1.77 | 1.03 | 0.40–1.24 | 0.95 | 0.54–1.67 | |
| Number of male sex partners ever | Below median (<11) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Median or higher (≥11) | 2.08 | 1.09–3.88 | 0.87 | 0.57–1.32 | 0.68 | 0.45–1.05 | 0.26 | 0.12–0.46 | |
aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; Ref = reference group.
The model is also adjusted for recruitment wave. The largest trajectory group was used as the reference group: group 3: VI persistors. Trajectory groups are numbered in descending order of the proportion of visits during which AI practice was reported. Bold denotes odds ratios with CIs not including 1. Missing values were imputed. The variables recruitment wave, age, race, and injection drug use ever had no missing values, sexual orientation had 17, education status had 3, sexual violence had 255, physical violence had 251, exchange sex ever had 3, and lifetime number of male sex partners had 10. Violence victimization questions have many missing values as ethical approval was not granted at the Los Angeles and San Francisco study sites.
Non-Hispanic white.
Physical and sexual violence victimization were highly correlated with one another. The 2 variables were therefore combined into one to reduce multi-collinearity in the models.
Ever exchanged sex for drugs or money.